0A I O Journal of /All Applied Physics
Tunable magnetocaloric effect in Gd-based glassy ribbons
Charlotte Mayer, Stéphane Gorsse, Geraldine Ballon, Rafael Caballero-Flores, Victorino Franco, and Bernard Chevalier
Citation: Journal of Applied Physics 110, 053920 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3632983 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3632983
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/110/5?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing
Articles you may be interested in
Refrigerant capacity of austenite in as-quenched and annealed Ni51.1Mn31.2In17.7 melt spun ribbons J. Appl. Phys. 111, 07A932 (2012); 10.1063/1.3676606
The magnetocaloric effect and critical behavior in amorphous Gd60Co40-xMnx alloys J. Appl. Phys. 111, 07A922 (2012); 10.1063/1.3673860
Magnetocaloric effects in RNiln (R=Gd-Er) intermetallic compounds J. Appl. Phys. 109, 123926 (2011); 10.1063/1.3603044
Magnetocaloric effect in ribbon samples of Heusler alloys Ni-Mn-M ( M = In , Sn ) Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 212505 (2010); 10.1063/1.3521261
Large magnetocaloric effect and enhanced magnetic refrigeration in ternary Gd-based bulk metallic glasses J. Appl. Phys. 103, 023918 (2008); 10.1063/1.2836956
Not all AFMs are created equal
Asylum Research Cypher™ AFMs
There's no other AFM like Cypher
• www.AsylumResearch.com/NoOtherAFMLikelt OXFORD
« INSTRUMENTS
The Business of Science*
Tunable magnetocaloric effect in Gd-based glassy ribbons
Charlotte Mayer,1 Stéphane Gorsse,1,2,a) Geraldine Ballon,3 Rafael Caballero-Flores,4 Victorino Franco,4 and Bernard Chevalier1
1CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, 87 Avenue du Docteur Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France
2IPB, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
3LNCMI-T, UPR 3228, CNRS-UJF-UPS-INSA, 143 Avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France 4Departamento de Fîsica de la Materia Condensada, ICMSE-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, P. O. Box 1065, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
(Received 19 May 2011; accepted 31 July 2011; published online 15 September 2011)
The series of glassy ribbons Gd60M30In10 (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) was synthesized by melt-spinning. The change of transition element M in these Gd-based metallic glasses was proven to induce huge variations of the Curie temperature TC, magnetic entropy change peak values DSmpeak, and widths at half maximum values of the magnetic entropy change dT. When M is non magnetic (M = Co, Ni, Cu), the samples behave similarly: they display high values of DSmpeak (between -6.6 and -8.2 J/kg K in a magnetic field variation of 4.6 T), average dT values (between 77 and 120 K) and no magnetic hysteresis. On the contrary, when M carries a magnetic moment (M = Mn), some irreversibility appears at low temperature, DSmpeak is lower (only 3.1 J/kg K for i0H = 4.6 T) and the magnetic transition is very large (dT = 199 K for i0H = 4.6 T). These features are explained by some antiparallel coupling between Mn atoms randomly located in the metallic glass. This leads to the occurrence of a cluster-glass behavior at low temperature (35 K), following the ferromagnetic transition observed at 180 K when the temperature is decreased. Also, power law fittings of DSmpeak and dT versus i0H were performed and show that dT is
could then identify an interesting way of improving the refrigeration capacity of the material at low magnetic field. © 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3632983]
INTRODUCTION
With the increasing need for energy efficient and environmentally friendly technologies, the search for new magnetocaloric materials (MCM) suitable for magnetic refrigeration has grown considerably in the last ten years.1-10 This technology exploits the magnetocaloric effect (MCE), which is the adiabatic temperature change (or isothermal magnetic entropy change) of a magnetic material when subjected to a varying magnetic field. In addition to their expected reduced environmental impact, by avoiding the use of gases enhancing the greenhouse effect used in conventional compression-expansion cycles, magnetic refrigerators are expected to reach higher performances.11
A large MCE is associated to a large change in magnetization close to the magnetic ordering temperature of the material. According to the type of magnetic transition that they undergo, two types of MCM can be distinguished. It is either a first order magneto-structural phase transition (FOMT) or a second order magnetic phase transition (SOMT). In FOMT materials, the magnetization shows an abrupt variation at the magnetic ordering temperature and the coincidence of magnetic and structural transitions leads to the so-called giant magnetocaloric effect (GMCE) (of which the compound Gd5Si2Ge2 is the most famous example) characterized by a very narrow and large peak of isothermal magnetic entropy
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +33 5 4000 6321. Electronic mail: gorsse@icmcb-bordeaux.cnrs.fr.
change DSmpeak.1 This is associated to undesirable thermal and magnetic hysteresis that must be reduced to use these materials for magnetic refrigeration. Some very promising works has already been done in that sense.12 SOMT materials (usually ferromagnetic materials) are characterized by the absence of thermal and magnetic hysteresis, with gradual and continuous magnetization variation at the magnetic ordering temperature. They also display smaller but broader DSm(T), resulting in competitive refrigerant capacities (RC, defined as the area under DSm(T) curve with temperatures at half maximum value of the peak as integration boundaries). Pure gadolinium is the typical example of SOMT materials; and because its Curie temperature (TC = 293 K) is close to room temperature and it exhibits a large MCE, it is still today the material of choice to investigate the efficiency of experimental magnetic refrigerators.13,14 However, the low abundance, high price and easy corrosion of Gd make it unlikely to be used as such on an industrial production scale. One way of elaborating new MCM is then to work on Gd-based metallic glasses.8,15-24 It allows maintaining a high density of magnetic moments and no magnetic hysteresis while decreasing the content of expensive Gd and overcomes the issue of easy corrosion. These materials also display good mechanical properties25 and a low electric resistivity that decreases eddy current losses. By comparing many different studies, it is shown,8,15-24 that changing the transition element M of metallic glasses in the Gd-RE-M-Al systems, with RE = Rare Earth, allowed the tuning of the magneto-caloric properties. In the present study, the model
0021-8979/2011/110(5)/053920/7/$30.00
110, 053920-1
© 2011 American Institute of Physics
1 1 1 1 1 1 * Gd(ln) a Gd2ln n GdMn2 ! a □ 1- 1 1 1 Al (sample holder) as-cast Gd60Mn30ln10
T'ilbij * J i I a * J \ Jl A n A a * " , -I- a J\ A ° ^
1 1 1 1 ■ 1 I 1 I 1 Melt-spun samples Gd60Mn30lni0 "
* Gd60Fe30lni0 !
* A Gd60Co30lni0
Gd60Ni30lni0 "
* ! I Gd60Cu30lni0 ■
'№)W.ULU____U.A. A
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
26 (deg.)
FIG. 1. (Color online) X-ray diffraction patterns of as-cast Gd60Mn30In10 (upper part) and melt-spun Gd60M30In10, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu (lower part). The phases are identified by symbols as indicated on top of the patterns.
composition of Gd60M30In10 metallic glasses, with M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, was chosen to study the properties arising from the change of M element. The Gd60M30In10 composition was determined on the basis of topologic and thermodynamic criteria described elsewhere26,27 to ensure a good glass forming ability. The use of In as p-element instead of Al was proven to slightly increase the Curie temperature of these mid-range TC glassy ribbons as recently reported for the Gd60Mn30X10 composition with X = Al, Ga and In.28
In this paper, we report the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of Gd60M30In10 glassy ribbons with M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu and discuss the properties of these materials in comparison to those observed previously for samples in the Gd-RE-M-Al systems. In a second part, a particular attention is given to Gd60Mn30In10 melt-spun ribbons, which display cluster-glass behavior at low temperature.
EXPERIMENTAL
Alloys with the following nominal compositions (at.%), Gd60M30In10 with M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, were prepared by melting precisely weighted amounts of high purity elements (at least 99.9%) in a levitation furnace. Melting in a water cooled copper crucible, under a purified argon atmosphere was performed several times to ensure a good homogeneity. The weight loss during the overall melting process was less than 0.1 wt.% for each alloy. Glassy ribbons of these as-cast samples were then obtained by single roller melt-spinning technique with a copper wheel velocity between 25 and 30 ms_1, also in a purified argon atmosphere.
The structural properties were checked on both sides of the ribbons by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Philips PW
J. Appl. Phys. 110, 053920 (2011)
FIG. 2. TEM dark and white field micrographs of a fragment of melt-spun Gd60Mn30In10 ribbons showing nanocrystallites embedded in the amorphous matrix.
PANalytical X'Pert MDP with Cu Ka radiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with a JEOL JEM 2000 FX apparatus was also used to observe the nanocrystallites in the melt-spun Gd60Mn30In10. dc and ac magnetization measurements were done on ribbons milled in powder, using a QD MPMS (SQUID) in the temperature range of 5-300 K and applied fields up to 4.6 T. Magnetization measurements were performed using the compensated coil technique in pulsed magnetic fields up to 53 T at the LNCMI-Toulouse.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Magnetic and magnetocaloric properties
X-ray powder diffraction investigations performed on Gd60M30In10 as-cast samples reveal the presence of several compounds in good agreement with the ternary Gd-M-In ternary phase diagrams. For instance, the upper part of Fig. 1 shows that the as-cast Gd60Mn30In10 is composed of three compounds: the solid solution Gd(In),29 the binary phases Gd2In,30 and GdMn2 doped by In.31
The bottom part of Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of melt-spun Gd60M30In10 ribbons. The two broad halos centered around 2h = 32° and 58°, detected on these patterns,
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
FIG. 3. (Color online) Temperature dependence of the magnetization M (zero-field-cooled (open symbols) and field-cooled (full symbols) measurements) of the Gd60M30In10 melt-spun samples, with an applied field of 0.05 T. The inset shows the derivative dM/dT vs T curves.
TABLE I. Curie temperatures TC, temperatures of peak of magnetic entropy change Tpk, maximum of magnetic entropy change ASmpeak, full width at half maximum of the magnetic entropy change peak dT, and refrigeration capacity RC of the glassy ribbons and pure are the
values of the maximum magnetic entropy change and refrigeration capacity per weight of Gd, respectively.
Composition Tc (K) Tpk (K) ASmpeak (J/kg K) ASm/Gdpeak (J/kg(Gd) K) dT(K) RC (J/kg) RC/Gd (J/kg(Gd)) Reference
Gd60Mn30ln10 180 192.5 -3.1 -4.0 199 466 563 This work
Gd60Co30ln10 159 161 -7.7 -10.1 77 406 616 This work
Gd60Ni30ln10 86 89.5 -8.2 -10.8 96 602 780 This work
Gd60Cu30ln10 115 120 -6.6 -8.7 120 598 877 This work
Pure Gd 293 - -9.2a -9.2a 73a 503a 503a 34
1 Values obtained by interpolating the data from Ref. 34 for 4.6 T.
are characteristic of amorphous structures. These 2h positions are comparable to those reported for the Gd60M30Al10 melt-spun samples with M = Mn and Co.16'22 But some very small peaks reveal the presence of nanocrystallites of the two Gd-rich phases, Gd(In) and Gd2In, also evidenced in the as-cast samples. Figure 2 displays TEM bright and dark field micrographs of Gd60Mn30In10 crushed ribbons. The bright field micrograph (on the right side of Fig. 2) shows the pieces of crushed ribbons. Nanocrystallites of size between 10 and 100 nm are then visible in white on the dark field micrograph (on the left of Fig. 2).
Figure 3 shows the temperature dependence of the zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetization M of melt-spun Gd60M30In10 samples, measured with an applied field of 0.05 T. All samples show some irreversibility between ZFC and FC curves and this behavior is much more pronounced in the case of Gd60Mn30In10. A similar result was previously evidenced for the Gd60Mn30Al10 metallic glasses.16 The large and slow increase in magnetization, visible for each sample with decreasing temperature, is characteristic of a structurally disordered phase and is usually attributed to the ferromagnetic ordering of the clusters constituting the amorphous matrix.32 The Curie temperatures, TC, of these melt-spun samples are given in Table I and were defined as the extrema of the derivative dM/dT versus T curves presented in the inset of Fig. 3. They range from 86 K
with M = Ni, to 180 K with M = Mn. It is also worth noticing that no other magnetic transitions attributable to the nanocrystallites detected by X-ray diffraction are visible on the magnetization versus T curves.
Also, even at 300 K, above its TC = 200 K, the magnetization of Gd60Fe30In10 takes a higher value than the expected for a paramagnetic state only (Fig. 3). This feature reveals the probable presence of another magnetic phase with higher TC in the material.
The huge influence of the transition element M on the metallic glasses TC is probably connected to the nature of the indirect Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) magnetic interactions that govern the magnetic properties of intermetallics based on rare earth like gadolinium. These interactions depend locally on the Gd-Gd interatomic distances and on the number of conduction electrons; two parameters changing with the nature of M 3d transition metal. We also notice that a comparable evolution of TC is observed for the Gd60M30Al10 metallic glasses since this temperature is equal to 171, 143, and 80 K for Gdg0Mn30Al10,28 Gd60Co30Al10,22 and Gd55Ni25Al20,24 respectively.
Magnetization versus the applied magnetic field i0H isotherms were measured at 5 K, between -4.6 and 4.6 T on Gd60M30In10 ribbons (Fig. 4). Samples with M = Co, Ni and
FIG. 4. (Color online) Field dependence between -4.6 and 4.6 T and at 5 K, of the magnetization M of melt-spun ribbons Gd60M30In10, M = Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu. The inset presents a zoom showing the coercive field and remanence of the samples.
FIG. 5. (Color online) Temperature dependence of the isothermal magnetic entropy change ASm with a magnetic field change of 4.6 T, of melt-spun ribbons Gd60M30In10, M = Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu.
Cu do not show any noticeable hysteresis, contrary to Gd60Mn30In10 that displays a remanence of 56 A m2 kg-1 and a coercivity of 0.039 T (inset of Fig. 4). Still, its energy loss during cycling of 24.7 J kg-1, is negligible.
Isothermal field dependence of M was measured between 0 and 4.6 T, for various temperatures between 5 and 300 K. These M versus i0H curves allow calculating the isothermal magnetic entropy change ASm by integrating the Maxwell relationship:
fdM(T, H)\ V @T ),
The resulting ASm versus T plots, in a magnetic field variation of 4.6 T, are reported in Fig. 5. All samples show broad peaks centered near their TC as measured by magnetization measurements. For i0H = 4.6 T, the ASmpeak values for M = Co, Ni, and Cu, lie between 72% and 89% of that of pure Gd (Ref. 34) and twice as less for M = Mn (value per total mass of sample). Still, the very large dT values of all samples, and especially for Gd60Mn30In10, lead to RC values that compete with pure Gd and are even higher in the cases
of Gd60Ni30In10 and Gd60Cu30In10 glassy ribbons. Let us notice in Table I, that, if we express these values per mass of Gd, the melt-spun ribbons compare very favorably to pure Gd. When compared per mass of Gd, ASmpeak/Gd and RC/Gd for the ribbons are much better than pure Gd but their TC is smaller.
Figure 6 shows the evolutions of ASmpeak/i0AH and dT/ 10AH versus TC with data for Gd-based metallic glasses. As these ASmpeak and dT values come from various studies with different magnetic field used, it is necessary to remove this field effect. They are then divided by the applied field i0AH on Fig. 6. A first observation is that these two values have opposite evolutions with increasing TC, and this will induce a limit to the achievable RC in these Gd-based metallic glasses. The second noticeable trend is that the metallic glasses with a given M metal have a tendency to regroup themselves. This confirms the huge impact of the M element on the magnetic properties of Gd-RE-M-X metallic glasses, with RE = rare earth, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, and X = Al, In, and Ga.
A second order magnetic transition can be described by some critical exponents in the vicinity of its critical
FIG. 6. (Color online) Maximal value of isothermal magnetic entropy change divided by the magnetic field change -ASmpeak/i0AH (a) and temperature width at half maximum value of the magnetic entropy change divided by the magnetic field variation dT/i0AH (b) vs TC of melt-spun ribbons Gd60M30Ini0, M = Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu (empty squares) and Gd-based metallic glasses from the literature (full squares).
TABLE II. Fitting parameters n and m of ASmpeak a (i0H)n and dT a (l0H)m power laws
Composition
Reference
Gd6oMn3oInio Gd6oCo3oInio Gd6oNi3oInio Gd6oCu3oInio Pure Gd
o.91 o.92 o.83 o.8o
o.22 o.16 o.26 o.3o o.47a
This work This work This work This work 34
a Values obtained by interpolating the data from Ref. 34.
temperature (TC). These will lead to the establishment of different classes of materials of which magnetic behaviors are governed by power laws with the same critical exponents.35 The power law fittings ASpaka(l0H)n were performed on the magnetic data of Gdg0M30In10. These fittings of the experimental values led to the n exponents shown in Table II. They are different from the 2/3 expected from the mean field model for SOMT materials.36 This model does not apply to these materials. Recently, Franco et al. have found, for FexCoyBzCuSi3Al5Ga2P10 (Ref. 37) and Fe73 2Pd26.8 (Ref. 38) glassy ribbons, field independent n exponents of 0.75 and 0.83, respectively, for the magnetic field dependence of ASmpeak. The n exponents of Gd60M30In10 glassy ribbons are larger and lie between 0.80 and 0.92, suggesting that their critical behaviors are different from those of Fe-based amorphous ribbons. They are also different from that of pure Gd as n = 0.74 for this material.34
The fittings of STa(i0H)P were also performed and the very small values of P exponents show that dT is not much dependent on the applied field compared to ASmpeak. Figure 7 describes this assumption by showing dT versus -ASmpeak between 1.4 and 4.6 T, for Gd60M30In10 melt-spun ribbons and pure Gd. The slope of dT versus -ASmpeak clearly decreases when l0AH increases. So to improve the RC of a
225 -,
1- 100-
' i i i ' i ^0AH = 4.6 T .♦♦♦♦t ST = 260.9 - 21.2(-ASpeak) / x I 1 -♦-GdeoMn30ln10 ---Gd„Nyn10_ -T-GdeoCo,olnio — •— pure Gd
vc____________ --------------
M0AH = 1.4T
6T = 190.8 - 40.6(-AS^eak)
-aSp (J kg" K"1)
FIG. 7. (Color online) Temperature width at half maximum value of the magnetic entropy change dT vs -ASmpeak, the maximum of isothermal magnetic entropy change, between 1.4 and 4.6 T, for melt-spun ribbons Gd6oM3oIn1o and pure Gd. Dotted lines represent linear fittings of dT vs -ASmpeak at 1.4 and 4.6 T.
:v-v-v-v-v-v-v v-v-v-v-v
V I o^'O'0'0'0" ^o^o-o-o-o-o-o^o
if I -o- Gd60Mn30ln10 7 Gd6oCo3olnio -D"Gd6oNi3olnio
Gd6oCu3olnio
FIG. 8. (Color online) Field dependence of the magnetization M at 5 K, between 0 and 4.6 T of melt-spun Gd60M30In10, M = Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu.
given glassy ribbon with a given ASmpeak value, in the low magnetic field range, it appears very valuable to increase dT.
Low temperature cluster-glass behavior of melt-spun
Gd60Mn30In10
At 5 K, magnetization versus l0H curves (Fig. 8) show that Gd60M30In10 samples with M = Co, Ni, and Cu quickly reach saturation near 7 lB/Gd, corresponding to the magnetic moment expected for a ferromagnet based on Gd. The glassy ribbons with M = Mn behave differently: the increase of magnetization is very low with increasing l0H and it does not saturate in a field of 4.6 T, the maximum magnetic moment reached being only 5.5 lB/Gd. Magnetization measurements at a higher applied field, of 55 T, (Fig. 9) were performed on Gd60Mn30In10 ribbons to verify if any saturation could occur in this material; and on Gd60Co30In10 for comparison. Gd60Co30In10 sample reaches a very fast saturation near 7 lB/Gd and thus confirms the previous measurements performed at 4.6 T. Increasing the applied field allowed Gd60Mn30In10 ribbons to attain a maximal value of magnetic moment of 6.9 lB/Gd. This higher field constrained the sample to a further order but still, this ordering remains very slow and saturation is not reached.
These observations, in addition to the previously reported low temperature irreversibility of M versus T for Gd60Mn30In10 (Fig. 3), suggest spin-glass-like behavior occurring at low temperature, in this material.39,40
Since the 70th, ac susceptibility measurements are used to study spin-glass-like transitions. Indeed, applying a sinusoidal magnetic field to a magnetic material, at a given frequency, will induce a magnetic answer also sinusoidal. This magnetic answer will be as much out of phase as the relaxation times of the system are long. The real part of ac susceptibility, v' is in phase with the applied magnetic field whereas the imaginary part v ' is in quadrature with it. ac susceptibility measurements were performed on both Gd60Mn30In10 and Gd60Co30In10 (Fig. 10) to investigate their different behaviors at low temperature. A dc-field of 100 Oe
FIG. 9. (Color online) Field dependence of the magnetization M at 4.2 K, between 0 and 55 T of melt-spun Gd60Mn30In10 and Gd60Co30In10.
was applied and an ac-field of 2 Oe varying with frequencies ranging from 1.25 to 1250 Hz were used, thereby permitting a full determination of the real v' and imaginary v'' parts. At 177 K, both v' and v'' of Gd60Mn30In10 show the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition already observed with dc magnetization measurements. When the temperature is further decreased, both the drop of v' and the occurrence of a peak on v ' near 27 K are observed. The v ' part characterizes the dynamics of the system. The apparition of this peak is linked to the establishment of a magnetic order in the material that will dissipate some energy because of the alternating nature of the applied magnetic field. This dissipation gets larger when the frequency is increased. The resulting peak is then the indication of the freezing of magnetic clusters39 in
Gd60Mn30In10 (Fig. 10(a)) that will resist to the alternative variation of the field. These features are those of cluster-glass (re-entrant spin-glass) magnetism, characterized by magnetic relaxation phenomena when entering into the low temperature cluster-glass state from a higher temperature ferromagnetic state.40
In the case of amorphous materials, the critical slowing down observed close to the re-entrant temperature TRSG presents a difficult quantitative evaluation compared to canonical spin-glasses as it reflects the behavior of several clusters that vary in size and probably in composition. Still, an approximated TRSG of 35 K was determined, according to Mydosh,39 as the maximum slope of the v ' peak attributed to the cluster glass transition; given that the two peaks of cluster glass and ferromagnetic transitions cannot be well separated on the v' curve.
All the observations made on the ac susceptibility curves of Gd60Mn30In10 suggesting its cluster glass behavior at low temperature are absent of that of Gd60Co30In10, only the ferromagnetic ordering at 155 K is visible (Fig. 10(b)). This proves that the cluster-glass behavior is induced by the presence of Mn atoms in the metallic glass. Indeed, at such a concentration of Mn atoms, the statistical chance of one Mn atom being first or second nearest neighbor to another Mn atom is considerable and short range negative interactions between Mn atoms occur, as described by Obi et al. in amorphous Mn-Y alloys.41 Small randomly oriented magnetic clusters then form at low temperature as a result of concentration fluctuation in such a disordered material. This type of spin-glass-like behavior is the first to be shown in a Gd-based metallic glass. Spin glass behavior in rare earth based metallic glasses is usually observed when the rare-earth introduces some random magnetic anisotropy, due to spinorbit coupling, that pins the magnetic moments according to the local structural anisotropies as in the case of Tb-
based42,43 and Nd-based44 metallic glasses.
FIG. 10. (Color online) ac susceptibility measurements with a dc-field of 100 Oe and an ac-field change of 2 Oe with frequencies of 12.5, 125, and 1250 Hz, for Gd60Mn30In10 (a) and 12.5 and 125 Hz, for Gd60Co30In10 (b).
CONCLUSION
The series of glassy ribbons Gd60M30In10, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu was synthesized by single-roller melt spinning. The M element was proven to have a huge impact on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the materials, with TC ranging between 87 and 180 K. ASm globally decreases with TC whereas dT increases with TC, they cannot be both maximized simultaneously and so a choice needs to be made for improving RC. It was also demonstrated that dT is less field dependent than ASm and allows one to reach a higher RC with lower magnetic field change. Unfortunately, this is done at the expense of ASm. Furthermore, materials with higher dT also have higher TC and are then closer to the temperature domain of room temperature applications. Finally, the particular magnetic features of Gd60Mn30In10 were explained by the existence of a cluster-glass behavior at low temperature due to the antiparallel coupling of Mn atoms, inexistent with the other M elements of this study.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are indebted to the Conseil Regional d'Aquitaine for financial support, especially C.M. for a Ph. D. grant and to CNRS through the Research Program "Froid Magnetique" PR08-1.1-6. R.C.F. acknowledges the Regional Government of Andalucia for a research fellowship. Part of this work was supported by EuroMagNET II under the EU Contract No. RII3-CT-2004-506239 and by EGIDE through a bilateral Spanish/French exchange program (FR2009-0101 and 22977TC).
1V. K. Pecharsky and K. A. Gschneidner, Phys. Rev. Lett.78,4494 (1997). 2V. K. Pecharsky and K. A. Gschneidner, Adv. Mater. 13, 683 (2001). 3H. Wada, K. Morikawa, T. Taniguchi, T. Shibata, Y. Yamada, and Y. Akishige, Physica, B 328, 114 (2003).
4O. Tegus, E. Brack, K. H. J. Buschow, and F. R. de Boer, Nature 415, 150 (2002).
5A. Fujita, S. Fujieda, Y. Hasegawa, and K. Fukamichi, Phys. Rev. B 67, 104416 (2003).
6O. Gutfleisch, A. Yan, and K.-H. Muller, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 10M305 (2005).
7T. Krenke, E. Duman, M. Acet, E. F. Wassermann, X. Moya, L. Mafiosa, and A. Planes, Nature Mater. 4,450 (2005).
8J. Du, Q. Zheng, Y. B. Li, Q. Zhang, D. Li, and Z. D. Zhang, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 023918 (2008).
9R. Caballero-Flores, V. Franco, A. Conde, K. E. Knipling, and M. A. Willard, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 182506 (2010). 10E. Gaudin, S. Tence, F. Weill, J. Rodriguez Fernandez, and B. Chevalier, Chem. Mater. 20, 2972 (2008).
UC. Zimm, A. Jastrab, A. Sternberg, V. Pecharsky, and K. A. Gschneidner
Jr., Adv. Cryog. Eng. 43, 1759 (1998). 12J. Lyubina, R. Schafer, N. Martin, L. Schultz, and O. Gutfleisch, Adv.
Mater. 22, 3735 (2010). 13Q. Gao, B. F. Yu, C. F. Wang, B. Zhang, D. X. Yang, and Y. Zhang, Int. J.
Refrigeration 29, 1274 (2006). 14C. Zimm, A. Boeder, J. Chell, A. Sternberg, A. Fujita, S. Fujieda, and
K. Fukamichi, Int. J. Refrigeration 29, 1302 (2006). 15Q. Luo, D. Q. Zhao, M. X. Pan, and W. H. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 081914(2006).
16S. Gorsse, B. Chevalier, and G. Orveillon, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 122501 (2008).
17H. Fu, X. Y. Zhang, H. J. Yu, B. H. Teng, and X. T. Zu, Solid State Commun. 145, 15 (2008). 18H. Fu, M. S. Guo, H. J. Yu, andcX. T. Zu, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 321, 3342 (2009).
19Q. Y. Dong, B. G. Shen, J. Chen, J. Shen, F. Wang, H. W. Zhang, and J.
R. Sun, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 053908 (2009). 20B. Schwarz, B. Podmilsak, N. Mattern, and J. Eckert, J. Magn. Magn.
Mater. 322, 2298 (2010). 21Q. Luo and W. H. Wang, J. Alloys Compd. 495, 209 (2010). 22H. Fu and M. Zou, J. Alloys Compd. 509, 4613 (2011). 23B. Schwarz, N. Mattern, J. D. Moore, K. P. Skokov, O. Gutfleisch, and J.
Eckert, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 323, 1782 (2011). 24J. Chang, X. Hui, Z. Y. Xu, Z. P. Lu, and G. L. Chen, Intermetallics 18, 1132 (2010).
25M. F. Ashby and A. L. Greer, Scripta Mater. 54, 321 (2006). 26D. Miracle, Nature Mater. 3, 697 (2004).
27G. Orveillon, O. N. Senkov, J.-L. Soubeyroux, B. Chevalier, and
S. Gorsse, Adv. Eng. Mater. 9, 483 (2007). 28C. Mayer, B. Chevalier, and S. Gorsse, J. Alloys Compd. 507, 370 (2010). 29W. J. Ren, D. Li, W. Liu, J. Li, and Z. D. Zhang, J. Appl. Phys. 103,
07B323 (2008). 30A. Palenzona, J. Less-Common Met. 16, 379 (1968). 31S. De Negri, D. Kaczorowski, A. Grytsiv, A. Alleno, M. Giovannini, R. Gorzelniak, P. Rogl, C. Godart, A. Saccone, and R. Ferro, J. Alloys Compd. 365, 58 (2004). 32X. Y. Liu, J. A. Barclay, R. B. Gopal, M. Foldeaki, R. Chahine, T. K.
Bose, P. J. Schurer, and J. L. LaCombe, J. Appl. Phys. 79, 1630 (1996). 33A. H. Morrish. The Physical Principles of Magnetism (Wiley, New York, 1964).
34J. Shen, J.-F Wu, and J.-R. Sun, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 083902 (2009).
35H. E. Stanley, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, S358 (1999).
36H. Oesterreicher and F. T. Parker, J. Appl. Phys. 55,4334 (1984).
37V. Franco, J. S. Blasquez, M. Millan, J. M. Borrego, C. F. Conde, and
A. Conde, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 09C503 (2007). 38V. M. Prida, V. Franco, V. Vega, J. L. Sanchez-Llamazares, J. J. Suflol,
A. Conde, and B. Hernando, J. Alloys Compd. 509, 190 (2011). 39J. A. Mydosh. Spin Glasses: An Experimental Introduction (Taylor &
Francis, London, 1993). 40L. Fernandez Barquin, J. C. Gomez Sal, P. Gorria, J. S. Garitaonandia, and
J. M. Barandiaran, J. Non-Cryst. Solid 329, 94 (2003). 41Y. Obi, S. Murayama, A. Azuma, H. Fujimori, and K. V. Rao, J. Magn.
Magn. Mater. 202, 505 (1999). 42J. Du, Q. Zheng, E. Bruck, K. H. Buschow, W. B. Cui, W. J. Feng, and
Z. D. Zhang, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 321,413 (2009). 43S. Gorsse, C. Mayer, and B. Chevalier, J. Appl. Phys. 109, 033914 (2011). 44S. Gorsse, G. Orveillon, and B. Chevalier, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 044902 (2008).
