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Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
Control scheme toward enhancing power quality and operational efficiency of single-phase two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic systems
Mahmoud Salem, Yousry Atia
Electronics Research Institute, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt Received 29 March 2015; received in revised form 12 May 2015; accepted 27 May 2015
Abstract
Achieving high reliable grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems with high power quality and high operation efficiency is highly required for distributed generation units. A double grid-frequency voltage ripple is found on the dc-link voltage in single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected systems due to the unbalance of the instantaneous dc input and ac output powers. This voltage ripple has undesirable effects on the power quality and operational efficiency of the whole system. Harmonic distortion in the injected current to the grid is one of the problems caused by this double grid-frequency voltage ripple. The double grid frequency ripple propagates to the PV voltage and current which disturb the extracted maximum power from the PV array. This paper introduces intelligent solutions toward mitigate the side effects of the double grid-frequency voltage ripple on the transferred power quality and the operational efficiency of single-phase two-stage grid-connected PV system. The proposed system has three control loops: MPPT control loop, dc-link voltage control loop and inverter current control loop. Solutions are introduced for all the three control loops in the system. The current controller cancels the dc-link voltage effect on the total harmonic distortion of the output current. The dc-link voltage controller is designed to generate a ripple free reference current signal that leads to enhance the quality of the output power. Also a modified MPPT controller is proposed to optimize the extracted power from the PV array. Simulation results show that higher injected power quality is achieved and higher efficiency of the overall system is realized.
© 2015 Electronics Research Institute (ERI). Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords: Single-phase; Grid-connected; Total harmonic distortion (THD); Photovoltaic; DC-bus control; Maximum power point tracking
1. Introduction
In past few years, penetration of photovoltaic energy resources into the medium and low voltage electricity distribution grid has increased and expected to increase in future due to its economical, technical and environmental benefit
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: yousry_atia@yahoo.com (Y. Atia). Peer review under responsibility of Electronics Research Institute (ERI).
http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.jesit.2015.05.002
2314-7172/© 2015 Electronics Research Institute (ERI). Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
2 M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
28 (Lal et al., 2013). Single-stage and two-stage grid-connected systems are commonly used topologies in single- and
29Q2 three-phase PV grid connected systems (Du et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2007; Yang and Smedley, 2008).
30 Two-stage configuration is mainly used because of its advantages of decoupled control since maximum power point
31 tracking (MPPT) control and current injection control are decoupled at different stages. In addition, this gives the
32 freedom to push the switching frequency of the DC-DC converter to an order higher than the inverter stage. As a result,
33 the size and the cost of the converter are decreased (Ahmed et al., 2013). The photovoltaic supply has the feature that
34 the output voltage is widely varying either in DC or AC forms. So a regulated converter is needed to provide stable DC
35 or AC energy (Wang et al., 2007). In two-stage grid connected PV systems, a dc-link capacitor is used to link the two
36 stages. The designer has the flexibility to choose the dc-link voltage and the capacitor size. In single-phase two-stage
37 grid-connected PV system, double grid-frequency voltage ripple can be found on the dc-link voltage because of the
38 unbalance of the instantaneous dc input and ac output powers (Yang et al., 2013; Du et al., 2015). The amplitude of the
39 dc-link voltage ripple can be determined by the selected dc-link voltage, the dc-link capacitor size, and the transferred
40 power to the grid (Yang et al., 2013). Increasing the dc-link voltage reduces the voltage ripple but increases the stresses
41 on the power devices, the switching losses, and the higher frequency ripple in the output current. On the other side,
42 reducing the dc-link capacitor size for saving costs increases the dc-link voltage ripple. The double grid-frequency
43 voltage ripple has undesirable effects on the current controller of the inverter, the voltage controller of the dc-link
44 voltage, and the efficiency of the MPPT controller. One issue caused by this double grid-frequency voltage ripple
45 is harmonic distortion in the output current. These harmonics have a large impact on the power quality, operational
46 efficiency, and reliability of the power system, loads, and protective relaying (Jain and Singh, 2011; Larose et al., 2013).
47 Many standards as IEEE 929 and IEEE 1547 state that total harmonic distortion in the injected current to the grid from
48 distributed generation must be less than 5% (Zhou et al., 2012). To compensate the dc-link voltage ripple effects a PWM
49 control method is introduced in Enjeti and Shireen (1992). This control method feed forward the dc-link information to
50 compensate the ripple effects. A control technique that allows for 25% ripple voltage without distorting the output cur-
51 rent waveform is proposed in Brekken et al. (2002). Where the sampling frequency of the DC voltage controller output
52 is 10 Hz. This technique leads to attenuate the voltage ripple in the control loop, but the system dynamic performance is
53 degraded. Higher bandwidth for the voltage control loop is proposed in Ninad and Lopes (2012). Proportional resonant
54 controller with a modified carrier signal is proposed in Darwish et al. (2011) to mitigate the oscillation effect on the
55 dc-link voltage. Double grid-frequency ripple on the dc-link leads to ripple in the PV output voltage in single-phase
56 grid-connected systems. As a result of voltage ripples on the dc-link voltage on the output of the boost converter, the
57 boost converter input voltage may contain ripples too. In this case, the extracted power from the PV will contain ripple
58 which leads to power loss due to inaccurate MPP operation unless the MPPT controller is well designed.
59 This paper proposes new control scheme for single-phase two-stage photovoltaic grid-connected system. The paper
60 introduces solutions toward mitigate the side effects of the double grid-frequency voltage ripple on the transferred
61 power quality and the operational efficiency of single-phase two-stage grid-connected PV system. The system has
62 three control loops: MPPT control loop, dc-link voltage control loop and inverter current control loop. Solutions are
63 introduced for all the three control loops in the system.
64 2. System configuration
65 The single-phase two-sage photovoltaic grid-connected system with its control is shown in Fig. 1. The system
66 contains three controllers. The H-bridge inverter is controlled by a dual-loop controller. The outer loop controls the
67 dc-link voltage to follow the reference value (Vref) and generate the peak value (Iref) of the reference current (iref) for
68 the inner loop. For unity power factor operation, Iref is multiplied by a unit-amplitude sinusoidal signal which is in
69 phase with the grid voltage. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to obtain this signal. The current control loop regulates
70 the inverter current (i) according to the reference current (iref). A MPPT controller is used to extract the available
71 maximum power from the PV array.
72 2.1. Source of the double grid-frequency ripple
73 For unity power factor operation and based on Fig. 1, the inverter output power can be calculated as follows:
74 Va = Vm sin rnt (1)
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
Fig. 1. Proposed single-phase two-stage grid-connected PV system.
i = Im sin tet
Po = VmIm sin2 tet
Po — —:— (1 — cos 2tet) = —:---:— cos 2a>t
The first term of Eq. (4) is the average AC power injected to grid, while the second term represents the oscillations of the AC power which is the source of the double grid-frequency ripple. On the other hand, the inverter input power can be calculated as follows (3):
Pin — Ppv icvdc
Pin — Ppv Cdc Vdc
pv dt Assuming one hundred percent of the inverter efficiency, then:
Pin = Po
Ppv —
dt 2Cdc Vdc
cos 2a>t
It is obvious from (10) that the dc-link voltage ripple vdc depends on the inverter output power, the selected dc-link bus voltage Vdc, and the capacitor value Cdc. It is clear from (10) that as the capacitor value decreases, the voltage ripple increases.
2.2. Ripple voltage impacts on the inverter output power quality
For AC side of the inverter shown in Fig. 1, the following equation can be deduced:
Vmlm . _ . _
Vdc — -———7— sin 2a>t — Vrip sin 2a>t
— Vinv va
Based on (11), if vinv or/and va contains any harmonics, it will propagate to the inverter output current, leading to a higher THD in the injected grid current and a poorer quality of the output power. Assuming that the grid voltage is
4 M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
98 pure sinusoidal waveform, the harmonics induced by the inverter output voltage are dominant in the inverter output
99 current. Based on Fig. 1, the inverter output voltage can be expressed as:
100 Vinv = dpwMVdc (12)
101 This equation indicates that the output signal of the inverter current controller dPWM, and the dc-link bus voltage
102 determine the harmonics content of the inverter output voltage vinv.
103 2.3. Ripple voltage impacts on the extracted PV power
104 Because of the presence of voltage ripples on the dc-link voltage on the output of the boost converter, the boost
105 converter input voltage may contain ripples too. In this case, the extracted power from the PV will contain ripple which
106 leads to power loss due to inaccurate MPP operation. The following analysis shows the effects of the double grid
107 frequency voltage ripple on the extracted PV power.
108 The relation between the input and output voltages of the boost converter is well known as (Daniel, 2001):
109 Vpv = (1 - D)Vdc (13)
110 where VPV and Vdc are the input and output voltages of the boost converter, respectively. The MPPT controller output
111 signal D is the duty ratio of the boost converter. It is clear from (13) that VPV will contain the same ripple of Vdc if the
112 duty ratio is a constant value. In this case:
113 vpv = (1 - D)Vdc = (1 - D)Vdc + (1 - D)Vdc (14)
114 vpv = (1 -D)Vdc + (1 -D)Vrp sin 2rnt (15)
115 VPV = VpV + V pV (16)
116 If VpV is the PV voltage at MPP (Vmp), then, the PV current will have ripples around its maximum power point value
117 Imp such as:
118 ipV = Imp + i pV (17)
119 The PV output power in this case can be calculated as follows:
120 PpV = (Vmp + V py)(Imp + ipV) (18)
121 ppV = VmpImp + VmpVpV + ImpV pV + V pVVpV (19)
122 By equating the two middle terms of (19) to zero, the ripple component of the PV current can be obtained as follows:
123 VmpipV + ImpV pV = 0 (20)
v Imp ~ , n
124 ipV = - ——V pV (21)
125 VipV = - Vm1-(1 -D)Vrip sin 2wt (22)
126 Accordingly, the extracted power is:
127 ppV = VmpImp + V pVVpV (23)
128 From (15) and (22),
129 ppV = VmpImp - V^(1 -D)2V2p sin2 2vt (24)
130 This equation indicates that ppv has an average value which is less than the maximum power value. From (24), as
131 the double grid frequency voltage ripple increases, the extracted average PV power decreases. Also, the average value
132 of this equation forces the MPPT controller to output a constant value of the duty ratio D.
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx—xxx 5
133 3. Design of the proposed controllers
134 This paper introduces solutions toward mitigate the side effects of the double-grid frequency voltage ripple on the
135 transferred power quality and the operational efficiency of single-phase two-stage grid-connected PV system. Solutions
136 are introduced for all the three controllers in the system. In the MPPT control loop, the duty ratio control signal of
137 the boost converter is modified to fully maximize the extracted PV power by reducing the PV voltage and current
138 fluctuations. The contribution of the dc-link voltage control loop is in the controller design and calculations of its
139 parameters to cancel out the double-grid frequency ripple effects and produces almost pure dc output signal as a
140 reference for the inverter current controller. In the current control loop, a deadbeat current controller is used to obtain
141 a modulating signal required to control the inverter power switches and produces the inverter output voltage. Details
142 about these controllers are discussed in the following sections.
143 3.1. The inverter current controller
144 The single-phase H-bridge voltage source inverter can be controlled using two PWM switching strategies, namely
145 bi-level and tri-level (Atia and Salem, 2013). In the bi-level switching strategy, the inverter output voltage is switching
146 between the positive and negative inverter input dc source, while in the tri-level switching strategy, the inverter output
147 voltage is switching between the positive (or negative) inverter input dc source and zero voltage.
148 The proposed current controller in this paper is used to calculate the inverter output voltage required to force the
149 actual inverter current (i) to follow the reference current (iref). The difference between iref and i is the current error
150 (¿err).
151 In tri-level operation, the following equations are valid (Atia and Salem, 2013):
di1 vdc - va
152 d = (25) di2 0 - va
153 = — (26)
154 where di1/dt and di2/dt are the rate of change of the inverter current (i) during Ton and Tof time periods of the inverter
155 switches respectively, va is the grid voltage, and vdc is the dc-link voltage. To compensate the current error during a
156 switching time period T, the following equation can be used:
di1 di2
157 ierr = — Ton +--— Toff (27)
158 For a constant switching frequency the switching time period Tis:
159 T =Ton + Toff (28)
160 From Eqs. (25—28), T0n can be calculated as follows:
T((L/T)ierr + va)
161 Ion = --(29)
162 Then the required modulating signal can be obtained as:
Ton ((L/T )i err + Va)
163 dpwM = -=- = --(30)
164 The obtained modulating signal is used to generate the PWM signals required to control the inverter switches and
165 to determine the inverter output voltage which is represented by the following equation:
166 Vinv = vdcd PWM = T ierr + va (31)
167 Based on (31), the dc-link voltage has no effect on the inverter output where the modulating signal dPWM canceled
168 out the effect of dc-link voltage. Consequently, the dc-link voltage has no effect on the THD of the output current.
169 The THD of the output current depends on the current reference signal only and this is a contribution of the proposed
170 inverter current controller toward mitigation of the effects of the dc-link double grid frequency voltage ripple.
6 M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
Table 1
Results of the proposed current controller.
Vrip Irip THD in the current
iref i
0% 0% 0% 1.38%
5% 0% 0% 1.38%
0% 5% 1.27% 1.99%
5% 5% 1.27% 1.99%
Fig. 2. The dc-link voltage controller block diagram.
171 3.1.1. Performance evaluation of the proposed current controller
172 A MATLAB/Simulink model is designed to study only the impact of the dc-link voltage ripple and the reference
173 current THD on the performance of the proposed current controller away from the PV array. In this model, a controlled
174 voltage source is used to simulate the dc-link voltage waveforms with different ripple values. Also, a signal generator
175 is used to generate the reference current (iref) with different THD values. Table 1 shows the obtained results which
176 indicate the influences of Vrip and Irip on THD of the inverter output current. The results are taken in case of the peak
177 value of the reference current is 60 A and grid interface inductance (L) is 2 mH.
178 Results presented in Table 1 clearly show that the THD of the inverter output current is affected only by THD of the
179 reference signal iref. The obtained results ensure that the dc-link voltage ripple has no effect on the THD of the output
180 current.
181 3.2. DC bus voltage controller
182 Based on (10) and after designing the system, vrip is determined by the inverter output power. These ripples will
183 propagate to the input of the dc-link voltage controller and penetrate to the controller output. Having these ripples on the
184 dc-link voltage controller output deteriorates the quality of the inverter output power as discussed in the previous section.
185 In this section it is proposed to design a dc-link voltage controller which is able to cancel out the double grid-frequency
186 ripple effects and produces almost pure dc output signal as a reference for the inverter current controller.
187 The block diagram for controlling the dc-link voltage is shown in Fig. 2. The design of the proposed voltage
188 controller is accomplished in two stages.
189 The first stage depends on the classical controller suggested in Salem (2008). The block diagram of the proposed
190 controller in its first stage is shown in Fig. 3. The purpose of this stage is to obtain a fast and critically damped response
191 of the controlled voltage.
Fig. 3. The proposed dc-link voltage controller in its first stage.
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
JT 400 о
> 390 380
„ 60 <
Цв 40 20
0.5 Time (sec)
Fig. 4. The first stage dc-link voltage controller performance.
Based on Salem (2008), the controller parameters k1 and k2 can be calculated as follows:
k2 = 1\
ICdcn ki
k1 * k2 = ^Ipv
200 201 202
where n is the damping factor, and Vdip is the defined maximum dip in the dc-link voltage due to a defined maximum step change of the PV output current AIpv. A MATLAB/Simulink model of the block diagram shown in Fig. 3 is designed to simulate the transient performance of the dc-link voltage controller according to a step change in the PV current. As shown in Fig. 4 (upper plot), the dc-link voltage is settled down in about 0.04 s after the step change of the PV current from 60 A to 30 A at time t =0.5s. This is a contribution for the dc-link voltage controller. As shown in Fig. 4, (lower plot), the controller output signal (Iref) has a higher double grid frequency ripple. So, the second stage of the voltage controller is designed to cancel out this ripple.
The complete design of the proposed voltage controller with its second stage is shown in Fig. 5, where a derivative branch is added in parallel with the integral branch. The purpose of the derivative branch is to cancel out the steady state ripple found in the error signal. For this reason, the derivative parameter kd is suggested to be calculated as presented next.
During steady state operation, the controller error signal must have the following form:
error = A1 cos(2wt) Then the controller integrator output signal is:
f k1A1
Integrator „output = kw A1 cos(2wt)dt =-sin(2&>i)
Fig. 5. Complete design of the proposed dc-link voltage controller.
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx—xxx
Fig. 6. Block diagram of the relation between Iref and vdc.
212 213
216 217
The derivative output signal is:
Derivative _output = kd— (A1 cos(2«t)) = -2rnkdA1 sin(2«t) dt
To cancel out the ripple in the voltage controller output, the summation of the integrator output in (35) and the derivative output in (36) must be equal to zero. Hence:
The block shown in Fig. 5 is redrawn as shown in Fig. 6 to find a relation between the controller output Iref and the dc link double grid-frequency voltage ripple vdc.
The block diagram shown in Fig. 6 has the following transfer function:
Iref (s) _ _
Vdc(s) = 1 - G(s)H(s)
where:
G(s) = (1 +k2s)(— +kds) s
H(s) =
226 227
The Bode diagram of (38) is shown in Fig. 7. The gain at the double grid-frequency is about (-300 dB) which means that the input signal with this frequency has no effect on the output signal. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed voltage controller to cancel out the effects of the double grid frequency voltage ripple on the system performance.
The transient performance of the dc-link voltage controller in its final form according to a step change in the PV current is shown in Fig. 8. The dc-link voltage response is shown in Fig. 8 (upper plot). As shown in Fig. 8 (lower
Bode Diagram
100 I 0
J -100
1 -200
-300 270
'S 180
Ê 0 -90
Frequency (rad/sec) Fig. 7. Bode diagram of the dc-link voltage controller.
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx 9
Fig. 8. dc-link voltage controller performance with Cdc = 4000 ^F.
228 plot), the controller output is almost a constant dc value, which is the main contribution of the voltage controller toward
229 enhancing the quality of the transferred power.
230 3.3. The maximum power point tracking controller
231 Many MPP tracking methods have been developed and implemented in the literatures. In this paper it is proposed
232 to use the incremental conductance methods for the MPPT controller. The incremental conductance (Esram, 2007) is
233 based on the fact that the slope of the PV array power curve is zero at the MPP, positive on the left of the MPP, and
234 negative on the right of the MPP as shown in Fig. 9. The PV current and voltage are the input signals of the incremental
235 conductance method.
236 —= 0 at MPP (41) dV
dP d(IV) dl
= I + V— = 0 (42)
dV dV dV
dl _ -I dV = V
Fig. 9. The slope of P-V curve with respect to MPP for one module.
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
Fig. 10. Block diagram of MPPT controller.
Fig. 11. Modified MPPT controller.
The MPP can thus be tracked by summing the instantaneous conductance (-I/V) to the incremental conductance (A//A V) to obtain an error signal. Then an integrator receives this error signal and generates the duty ratio D, which is the output of the MPPT controller as shown in Fig. 10. A PWM module is used to transfer the duty ratio D into pulses required to control the boost converter switch. As discussed in Section 2.3, the double grid frequency ripple propagates to the PV voltage and current which leads to extract an average power less than the maximum value. The extracted average power forces the MPPT controller to output a constant duty ratio. To compensate the effects of the double grid frequency voltage ripple on the performance of the MPPT controller, it is proposed to add a compensating signal dcOmp to the controller output duty ratio D. This compensating signal is required to cancel out the ripple reflected on the pV voltage found in (15).
By adding the compensating signal dcomp to the duty ratio D in (15), it becomes as follows:
vpv = (1 - (D + dcomp)) *vdc + (1 - (D + dcomp)) * Vrip sin 2rnt (45)
vpv = (1 -D) *Vdc + (1 -D) *Vrip sin 2mt - dcomp(Vdc + Vrip sin 2rnt) (46)
To cancel out the PV voltage ripple, the summation of the second and third terms in the preceding equation must equal to zero, then:
(1 - D) *Vrip sin 2wt
dcomp —
dcomp — (1 D) Df — D + dcomp
Vdc + Vrip sin 2mt
Vdc - Vdc
The modified duty ratio D enters to modulator to generate PWM signal to the boost converter. The modified MPPT controller for enhancing the extracted PV power is shown in Fig. 11 which is another contribution in this paper.
4. System simulation
The proposed system is designed to transfer 10 kW from the PV array to the grid. The grid voltage is 220 V at 50 Hz. Sunpower 305W module is chosen to construct the PV array. The photovoltaic array is composed of 33 modules of 305W each. The modules arranged in 11 parallel strings with 3 modules in series in each string. The open circuit
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
Table 2
Q5 PV module and array ratings.
STCat 1000 W/m2, 25 °C
Module rating
Array rating
Voc he Vmp Imp Pmax
64.2V 5.96A 54.7 V 5.58 A 305 W
192.6V 65.56 A 164.1 V 61.38 A 10.065 kW
Table 3
Parameters for boost converter design.
1Vmp 164.2V Pout 10 kW
D AIl fsw 0.5895 5A 10 kHz f Vdc Vrip 50 Hz 400 V 5%
Table 4 The parameters of the three controllers.
MPPT controller Voltage controller (AIpv/Vdip = 30 A/20 V) Current controller
ki k1 k2 kd L
7 140 106 x 10-3 3.55 x 10 -4 2 mH
263 voltage of the string is 192.6 V. The short circuit current of the array is 65.56 A. The total STC power of the array is
264 10.065 kW with maximum power point voltage of 164.2 V and current of 61.38 A.
265 The rated values of the PV module and array are summarized in Table 2.
266 Parameters for boost converter design are shown in Table 3. The boost converter inductance is designed based on
267 the following equation (Daniel, 2001):
268 L1 = VmpI *D (50)
A-lLJsw
269 From Duetal. (2015):
270 CC = P°Ut (51)
c 2nfVdcVrip
271 From the system rating and selected voltage and current ripples, and based on (50) and (51) the values of the
272 inductance L1 and capacitor Cdc are:
273 Li =2 mH, Cdc = 4000 ^F
274 The parameters of the proposed three controllers are shown in Table 4.
275 The proposed system is simulated with the components and parameters mentioned above.
276 5. Simulation results
277 A MATLAB/Simulink program model is designed to simulate the complete system of the single-phase two-sage
278 photovoltaic grid-connected system which is shown in Fig. 1.
279 Fig. 12 indicates the system performance with the proposed three controllers. From top to bottom: grid voltage
280 and current, dc-link voltage and average PV power. In Fig. 12, 50-100% sun insolation step change occurred at time
281 t=0.5 s. In the upper plot of Fig. 12, the unity power factor operation can be noticed where the injected grid current
282 is in phase with grid voltage. THD of the output current is about 2.38% and 1.3% at 50% and 100% insolation levels,
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
Q_ JC 5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time (sec)
Fig. 12. System performance with step change in insolation level.
respectively. In the middle of Fig. 12 the dc-link voltage has 2.5% peak to peak voltage ripple while transferring a power of 5 kW and the voltage ripple increased to 5% when the output power increased to 10 kW as stated in (51). The superiority of the voltage controller performance to stabilize the dc-link voltage in about 0.05 s after step change in insolation level from 50% to 100% is clear in middle of Fig. 12. The maximum power from the PV array is extracted in each case (50% and 100% insolation) as presented in the bottom of Fig. 12.
In Fig. 13 a zoom in is done for the upper plot of Fig. 12 to clearly shows the step change response of the current controller at t = 0.5 s. From Fig. 13, it can be depicted that the current controller has the ability to change the output current fast and smoothly from 32 A to 64 A peak values.
Fig. 14 shows the transient response of dc-link voltage controller output signal due to a 50% increase of the PV power. In spite of the ripple found on the dc-link voltage as shown in Fig. 14, the controller output is almost dc signal which leads to minimization of the output current THD.
Fig. 15 shows the effect of the modified MPPT controller on the extracted power from PV array. During the first half of Fig. 15, the MPPT controller without the compensation factor is applied, while in the second half, dcOmp signal is added. In the first half of the figure the duty ratio D is constant and a double grid-frequency ripple penetrates to the PV voltage and current that decrease the extracted average power as analysied in Section 2.3. While in the second half, dcomp signal is added that leads to an oscillation-free operation in both of PV voltage and current. As shown in the second half of Fig. 15, there is increase of the extracted average PV power. The added compensation factor dcomp
0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56
Time (sec)
Fig. 13. Zoom in for grid voltage and injected current at unity power factor operation.
M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx 13
Time (sec)
Fig. 14. dc-link voltage and voltage controller output.
Time (sec)
Fig. 15. Modified MPPT controller results.
300 makes the difference of the MPPT controller performance. The harmony between the system controllers leads to the
301 power quality insurance and total system efficiency occurrence.
302 6. Conclusions
303 In this paper, three controllers are proposed and designed for single-phase two-stage PV grid-connected system to
304 mitigate the double grid-frequency voltage ripple effects on the system performance. Based on a simple block diagram,
305 the dc-link voltage controller is designed and its parameters are calculated to provide critically damped response for
306 the dc-link voltage and to generate free-ripple reference signal for the inverter current controller. The design of the
307 inverter current controller is based on the deadbeat strategy to eliminate the dc-link voltage ripple effects on the THD
308 of the output current. To maximize the extracted PV power, the MPPT controller is modified by adding a compensating
309 signal which depends on the dc-link voltage ripple. Simulation results show high quality performance of the control
310 system where the output AC power quality is achieved and higher efficiency of the overall system is gained.
14 M. Salem, Y. Atia / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2015) xxx-xxx
Uncited reference
Libo et al. (2007).
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