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Physics Letters B
www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb
Split symmetries
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Wilfried Buchmuller, Markus Dierigl, Fabian Ruehle *, Julian Schweizer
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
A R T I C L E I N F 0
Article history:
Received 21 August 2015
Received in revised form 29 September
Accepted 29 September 2015 Available online 3 October 2015 Editor: A. Ringwald
A B S T R A C T
We consider six-dimensional supergravity with gauge group S0(10) x U(1)A, compactified on the orbifold T2/Z2. Three quark-lepton generations arise as zero modes of a bulk 16-plet due to magnetic flux of the anomalous U(1)A. Boundary conditions at the four fixed points break S0(10) to subgroups whose intersection is the Standard Model gauge group. The gauge and Higgs sector consist of "split" S0(10) multiplets. As a consequence of the U (1)A flux, squarks and sleptons are much heavier than gauge bosons, Higgs bosons, gauginos and higgsinos. We thus obtain a picture similar to "split supersymmetry". The flavor structure of the quark and lepton mass matrices is determined by the symmetry breaking at the orbifold fixed points.
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.
1. Introduction
Fermions and bosons play very different roles in the Standard Model. It is remarkable that quarks and leptons form three copies of complete multiplets of a grand unified (GUT) group, SU(5) or S0(10), whereas gauge and Higgs bosons are single, incomplete, "split" multiplets. In the following we shall propose a model where this difference is explained by connecting GUT symmetry breaking and supersymmetry breaking: Scalar quarks and leptons are very heavy because they belong to complete GUT multiplets, whereas supersymmetry breaking is small for gauge and Higgs fields since they form incomplete GUT multiplets. One is thus led to a picture similar to "split supersymmetry" [1,2].
Our discussion is based on supersymmetric theories in higher dimensions. Crucial ingredients are GUT symmetry breaking by Wilson lines [3], the generation of a fermion multiplicity by magnetic flux [4] and the associated breaking of supersymmetry [5]. Interesting orbifold GUT models have been constructed in five dimensions for SU(5) [6-8] and in six dimensions for S0(10) [9,10]. We consider supergravity in six dimensions [11,12] compactified on the orbifold T2/Z2. Effects of flux and Wilson lines, in particular the cancellation of anomalies due to the generated zero modes,
* Preprint number: DESY-15-095.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: wilfried.buchmueller@desy.de (W. Buchmuller), markus.dierigl@desy.de (M. Dierigl), fabian.ruehle@desy.de (F. Ruehle), julian.schweizer@desy.de (J. Schweizer).
have recently been studied in [13]. Magnetic flux also plays an important role in the stabilization of the compact dimensions [14].
The proposed model is based on the gauge group S0(10) x U(1)A. The three quark-lepton generations arise as zero modes of a bulk 16-plet due to magnetic flux of the anomalous U(1)A. As a consequence, supersymmetry breaking is large, and squarks and leptons are heavy. Following [9,10], S0(10) [15,16] is unbroken at one orbifold fixed point and broken at the other three to standard SU(5) x U(1)x [17], the Pati-Salam group SU(4) x SU(2) x SU(2) [18] and flipped SU(5)' x U(1)X> [19,20], respectively. The intersection of these groups is the Standard Model gauge group, and the zero modes of bulk fields uncharged under the anomalous U (1) A form N = 1 gauge and Higgs split multiplets. Hence, at tree level N = 1 supersymmetry is unbroken in the gauge and Higgs sector.
In Section 2 the symmetry breaking of the S0(10) GUT model will be briefly reviewed. The effective supergravity actions in six and four dimensions are discussed in Section 3, following [13], with emphasis on the cancellation of the S0(10) x U (1) A anomaly induced by the flux. Some aspects of the flavor structure of quark and lepton mass matrices and quantum corrections to the mass spectrum are the topic of Section 4.
2. S0(10) GUT in six dimensions
Our starting point is a supersymmetric S0(10) model in six dimensions compactified on the orbifold T2/Z2. In addition to a vector multiplet in the adjoint representation 45, the model contains several hypermultiplets in the representations 10, 16 and 16*.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.09.069
0370-2693/© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.
PiV(x,Zi - y)P-1 = -m+ y), Pi(x,Zi - y) = nf^a (x,Zi + y), Pità (x,Zi - y) = -n?€ (x,Zi + y),
Fig. 1. Structure of the gauge groups at the four fixed points. By choosing different boundary conditions, one obtains an unbroken s0(10), a Georgi-Glashow SU(5), a Pati-Salam, and a flipped SU(5) GUT group at the four orbifold fixed points, respectively.
A strong constraint on the consistency of the model is the cancellation of bulk anomalies. The anomaly polynomial1 is given by [21,22]
¡8 = T7 (2 - sio + sis + sis*)tr(F4) + — (6 - sio)tr(F2)
where /) = — 1/(2n)3, F is the S0(10) field strength, and s10, s16 and s16* are the multiplicities of the indicated representations. Note that we have expressed all traces in terms of the trace in the 16 representation, i.e. tr = tr16. The components of the vector multiplet can be split into the components of a 4d N = 1 vector multiplet A = (AX), ^ = 0, ..., 3, and a chiral multiplet £ = (A5,6, X'), where (X, X') forms a 6d Weyl fermion. Correspondingly, a hypermultiplet 0 splits into two chiral multiplets, 0 = (0, x) and 0c = (0c, xc). Note that x and xc are different, left-handed 4d Weyl fermions. With respect to a U (1) charge the hypermultiplet, one of the chiral multiplets and the associated complex scalar carry the same charge, hence these fields are all denoted by 0. The second chiral multiplet and the associated complex scalar carry opposite charge and are therefore denoted by 0c. The orbifold compactification breaks the N = 2 symmetry of the bulk to N = 1 via the boundary conditions
A(x, - y) = A(x, y),
V(x, - y) = -E(x, y),
(x, - y) = na0a (x, y), 0Ca (x, - y) = -ïffâ (x, y) ,
where Pi, i e {I, PS, GG, fl} are matrices breaking S0(10) to the respective subgroups. The decompositions of the S0(10) representations with respect to these subgroups read
Gps : 45 ^ (15,1,1) ® (1,3,1) ® (1,1,3) ® (6, 2, 2) 10 ^ (1, 2, 2) ® (6,1,1) 16 ^ (4, 2,1) ® (4*, 1, 2) 16*^ (4*, 2,1) ® (4,1, 2) GGG, Gfl : 45 ^ 240 ® 10 ® 1O4 ® 10
10 ^ 52 ® 5-2
16 ^ 5* ® 10-1 ® 1-5
16*^ 5-3 ® 101 ® 15
The intersection of the groups GPS, GGG and Gfl contains the Standard Model group with an additional U (1) factor, G'SM = SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1)y x U(1)X, and the various hypermultiplet intersections yield Standard Model representations. The parities nf can be chosen such that the zero modes of the 10-plets are Higgs doublets and color triplets, H1 D Hu, H2 D Hd, H3,4 D D1,2, H5,6 D D\ 2; the zero modes of one of the 16-plets and the 16*-plets are weak doublets, color triplets and singlets, ty D L, tyc D Lc, ^ D Dc, Nc and ^c D D, N [23,24]. At each fixed point one projects to a vector-like representation such that no fixed point anomalies are generated. H 1,2 and Nc c ^, N c play the role of Higgs fields which break the electroweak symmetry and B — L, respectively. The various vector-like exotics can become massive.
In the model described in [23,24], three 16-plets are introduced at the three fixed points fPS, fGG and fl. They contain the quarks and leptons of the Standard Model, in standard notation tyi ^ (qi, li, U, ec{, dc, nc). Hence, the chiral matter of the Standard Model is introduced as brane fields, unrelated to the bulk fields. In contrast, we shall pursue in the following a different approach in which the tyi are not independent fields but rather zero modes of the bulk field ty generated by the flux of an anomalous U(1). We therefore extend the bulk gauge group to S0(10) x U(1)A, assign charge q to ty and charge zero to all other fields. The total gauge field is
where the na are parities of the fields 0a with (na)2 = 1. This A = AaTa + A!I, F = dA + iA A A = F + F'
breaking of supersymmetry at the fixed points generates well-known fixed point anomalies. For S0(10), however, they vanish since tr( F3) = 0.
A look at the anomaly polynomial (1) shows that a particular choice of S0(10) bulk fields is singled out: s10 = 6 and s10 — s16 — s16* = 2. In this case the entire bulk anomaly vanishes. Such a GUT model has indeed been studied, with six 10-plets H1, ..., H6, two 16-plets ty, ^ and two 16*-plets tyc, ^c [23, 24]. The breaking of the GUT group S0(10) takes place at the orbifold fixed points. S0(10) remains unbroken at the fixed point Zi = 0 whereas at the other three fixed points, fPS, Zgg and fl, S0(10) is broken to standard SU(5) x U(1)X, the Pati-Salam group SU(4) x SU(2) x SU(2) and flipped SU(5)' x U(1)X', respectively (see Fig. 1). This is achieved by generalizing the boundary conditions (2)
PiA(x,Zi — y) P—1 = niA(x,Zi + y),
and the covariant derivative for the 16-plet reads DM = dM + iA m + iqA'M. This leads to a mixed bulk anomaly. From the general expressions [21,22] one easily obtains
'« —
tr(6 F A F + q2 F 'a F Ma F
In addition, a fixed point anomaly is generated,
,f - 01 8 = 24
So tr (
3 Fa F + q2 F 'a F Ma F 'a v 2,
where a = 1/(2n)2, S0 is a sum of 5-functions located at the four orbifold fixed points, and v2 is the volume-form of the orbifold. The integrated anomaly polynomial
j ¡f8 = tr ^3 Fa F + q2 F 'a F') a F'
In this paper we ignore gravitational anomalies.
¡6 = ¡8
corresponds to the 4d anomaly of a Weyl fermion that is a 16-plet of SO(10) with U(1)A charge q.
The bulk and fixed point anomalies (7) and (8) can be canceled by a generalization of the Green-Schwarz mechanism [25]. The bulk part is factorizable and hence can be canceled in the standard way. Moreover, additional localized terms allow to cancel the fixed point anomalies, cf. [26].
Accounting for the S0(10) symmetry breaking at Zi, the fixed point anomaly becomes (cf. [27])
•8 «
Si tr(3PiFA F + q2
i=I,PS,GG,fl
F 'л F Мл F 'a v2.
In order to cancel the additional contributions, further localized terms transforming in the various S0(10) subgroups have to be included in the Green-Schwarz counter term. We expect that it is possible to cancel all the gauge anomalies in this way. In fact, there are examples of similar, anomaly free 6d supergravity theories, e.g. a 6d SU(6) model that was obtained as an intermediate step in a compactification of the heterotic string [2 8 ]. Note that also torus compactifications of Type I string theory can lead to the pattern of "split supersymmetry", see [29]. Since the focus of this paper is on the additional zero modes generated by bulk magnetic flux, we shall ignore the effects of S0(10) symmetry breaking on the fixed point anomalies in the following. A complete discussion will be given in [30].
3. Flux and Green-Schwarz mechanism
Let us now consider supergravity in six dimensions, following the discussion in [13]. The bosonic part of the 6d supergravity action with gauge groups S0(10) and U(1)A is given by
S =y Q R - 2 йф А*йф - 1 е2ф H A*H - 2 еф tr(F A *F) - 2 еф F' A *F^ .
It involves the Ricci scalar R, the dilaton 0, the field strengths of the S0(10) and U(1)A gauge fields A = (AM + A'M)dxM, and the field strength of the antisymmetric tensor field B = 2 BMNdxM A dxN,
H = dB + X3 .
Here X3 is a linear combination of the U (1) Chern-Simons term and localized contributions at the fixed points,
X3 = A' л F ' + p A' S0V2 ,
with p = jqp. Invariance of the action (11) under gauge transformations, SA = S~F + SA' = dk + i[A, A\ + dA', requires that the tensor field transforms as
SdB = -SX3 = -d (A'F' + pA'S0v2) . Introducing the S0(10) Chern-Simons 3-form
/- - 2i~ - -со3 = trl Ал dA+ — Ал Ал A
the anomaly polynomials (7) and ( ) correspond, up to local counter terms and a normalization, to the anomaly
A6 = p (F3 + y A' A F') A F 'a dA'
+ a (¿0)3 + 2yA'a F') A S0v2 A dA', (16)
where we have introduced the parameters p = 6q2p, a = 3qa, and
Y = \dr, with dr the dimension of the representation charged under the anomalous U (1)A, here dr = 16. Note that A6 does not depend on A. This fixes the Green-Schwarz counter term as
sgs = -J p (¿03 + Y A'A F' + py A'S0V2) A dB. (17)
We now introduce a background field with constant flux,
A'=(A') + A , F'=(F') + F = fv2 + F. (18)
Neglecting the dependence of the gauge fields A and A on the coordinates of the compact dimensions, one obtains from Eq. (16) the 4d anomaly
A4 = f Аб = в (f + 2p) (¿03 + 2yАл F)
л dA.
T 2/Z2
It contains the effect of the 4d zero modes generated by the flux and the boundary conditions. In a consistent truncation, where offdiagonal terms are set to zero, we decompose the redefined tensor field B = B -(A') A A [14] as
dB = db л v2 + dB ,
where b is a real scalar field. The axion transforms as Sdb = —(f + 2p)dA under 4d gauge transformations.
With this truncation the decomposition of the field strength H reads
H = (db + f A + pS0 A ) л v 2 + H, H = dB + Ал F.
Consequently, there is a S20 contribution from the kinetic term of the 3-form H, which has to be regularized. In the following we use a regularization that is compatible with anomaly cancellation. A full description depends on the UV completion resolving the orbifold singularities and is beyond the scope of this paper.
It is now straightforward to evaluate the gauge part of the action (11) and the Green-Schwarz term (17) in the case of background flux, i.e. for the gauge fields A and (A') + A, following [13]. Performing dimensional reduction, replacing radion and dilaton by the real scalar fields t and s,
t = г2е-ф,
s = г2еф,
and dualizing the antisymmetric tensor B to the real scalar c,
*H= I (dc + 2 p(f + 2p) y A) ,
one finally arrives at
S G + S GS = j (— 1 e20 H A*H — 1 e0 tr(F a*F )
- _ еф F' л *F' 2
- в (¿03 + Y А' л F' + py A'S0 v2) л dB s s f 2
~ I (- 2 tr( F л *F ) - 2 Fa*F- 2^
- (db + ( f + 2p) A) A*(db + ( f + 2p) A
(dc + 1 Py(f + 2p) A
*(dc + 1 Py(f + 2p) A)
в (¿03 + Y A .
a F) adb - A a Fa dc).
Here only the zero modes of A contribute, which are contained in the unbroken group G'SM. Eqs. (21) and (23) imply for the 4d gauge transformation of the axion fields Sdb = — (f + 2p)dA and Sdc = — 2 jY (f + 2p) dA, respectively. One easily verifies that the total 4d action is gauge invariant, i.e. S(SG + SGS) = f A4. Hence the chiral anomaly induced by the U (1) A flux is indeed canceled by the Green-Schwarz term.
For a bulk flux f = —4nN/q one obtains N left-handed S0(10) 16-plets tyi as zero-modes. Their chiral anomaly is canceled by the Green-Schwarz term. After performing the Wilson-line breaking of S0(10) to the Standard Model gauge group, an additional doublet L associated with ty (see Section 2) remains as a zero modes. It is not immediately obvious why this happens and why the N 16-plets induced by the flux are not projected by the Wilson-line breaking. An important consistency check is the anomaly cancellation discussed above, and a more detailed picture is obtained by considering the zero-mode wave functions. For a U (1) bulk flux the effect has been worked out in [13]. The orbifold projection of T2 to T2/Z2 yields for each 6d Weyl fermion one chiral 4d fermion. Without flux most zero modes of the 16-plet are projected out except for the doublet L. With flux one obtains 1 + N zero modes for each mode that survives the Wilson-line breaking, and N zero modes for each mode that is projected out by the Wilson lines. Altogether one then obtains N 16-plets and one doublet (L) as zero modes. Note that the fields contained in the 16-plets develop different wave function profiles corresponding to their transformation properties with respect to the Standard Model subgroups of S0(10). A detailed description of the S0(10) wave functions will be given in [30].
The action (24) contains two axions, b and c. One linear combination gives mass to the vector boson A, whereas a second linear combination, a, plays the role of a massless axion. The vector boson mass and the specific form of the linear combinations depend on the details of the regularization, the vacuum expectation values of the moduli fields s and t, and the number of flux quanta N — —SL
The massless combination a couples to the massive U (1) vector boson A and to the massless gauge fields of the Standard Model, as qualitatively described by the action
f i s0 K
Sa = \ "2 tr(FSM'A*FSM') — 2 da A*da
+ Xa tr(FSM'A FSM')).
Note that a receives a mass through non-perturbative QCD effects. Again, the parameters X and k are sensitive to the short distance behavior of the compactification. For a pure U (1) theory these quantities have been calculated in [13].
4. Phenomenology
In this section we briefly comment on phenomenological aspects of the proposed model. A definite prediction is the flavor structure of the quark and lepton mass matrices. At the different fixed points the various Higgs fields are projected to representation of the respective S0(10) subgroups,
i H1 D H5 D Hu, H2 D H5* D Hd at Zgg ,
10 H1 D H5* D Hu, H2 D H5d Hd at Zfl , (26)
I H 1,2 D (1,2, 2) D AU = (Hu, Hd) at Zps ,
where we have also indicated the doublets Hu and Hd of the
MSSM, which are contained as zero modes. Furthermore, we denote here and in the following the representations of Gfl with a tilde in order to distinguish them from the representations of GGG.
The three 16i -plets, i = 1, 2, 3, of zero modes have the decomposition
(5*, 10i, nf) (5*, 10i, ec) (4i, 4*)
at Zgg , at Zfl, at ZPS ,
where we have suppressed the U (1) charges and the SU(2) x SU(2) transformation properties which are given in Eqs. (5) and (4), respectively. The field ^, which transforms also in the 16 of S0(10), decomposes in the same way. For later reference we introduce the following notation for some components of :
11 = N at Zgg ,
10* = f * D N at Zfl , (28)
4 = F D N at ZPS .
At the fixed points, the N = 2 supersymmetry of the bulk is broken to N = 1 supersymmetry. Hence, superpotential terms of the type 16 16 H1,2 and 16 16 * are allowed. They carry charge 2q with respect to U (1)A, which can be compensated in the standard way by an exponential term involving the two axions. In the following we suppress the axion dependence in the quark and lepton couplings.
The fixed point superpotential is determined by the symmetry breaking at Z, ,
Wfp = Si(hlu 16 16 H1 + hjj16 16 H2 + h'n 16 16 ^*) + SGG(hGG10 10 H5 + hGG5*10 H5* + hGG5*ncH5 + hGGncncNN) + SPS(h£S4 4*A1 + hds4 4* A2 + hPS4* 4*FF) + Sfl(hfl10 10 H5 + hfl5*10 H5* + hfl5*ecH5 + hflio 10 f *f *).
At each fixed point, the superpotential couplings of the bulk fields induce matrices cj of couplings between the zero modes 16i, which are given by the products of the zero mode wave functions at the respective fixed point. Since some wave functions vanish at certain fixed points, the matrices cij have a certain number of zero entries. Hence, one obtains "textures" which are determined by the local symmetry breaking patterns. From Eq. (29) one obtains the 4d superpotential
(25) W = (hucij + hGu^cj + hu^cps + hflcfl) Huqiucj
hGG GG hu
PS PS u
+ (hdcij + hCdccf + h-cj + hflcflj) Hdqidc + (hdc\j + hGGcdG + h-cj + hflcfl) Hde<lj
+ (ihucj + hGGcdG + hpscps + hflcfl) Huknc
+ (h'ncij + hGGcd'd + hpscps + hflcflj) nfnfNN.
^Gdcdd cij
PS PS ij
Inserting the vacuum expectation values of the Higgs fields, {Hu) = vu, {Hd) = Vd and {N) = vB—L, yields the quark and lepton mass matrices
Lm = Mujqiucj + Mdjqidcj + M^e^j + M^Un' + M\ncn] , (31)
which can be read off from Eq. (30). The detailed predictions for quark and lepton masses and the CKM and PMNS mixing matrices will be described in [30].
For three quark-lepton generations the number of orbifold flux quanta is N = 3, and the masses of squarks and sleptons are given by [5,14]
M2 = m? = m2 =
where V2 is the volume of the compact dimensions. Thus, M2 is a dynamical quantity which depends on the moduli fields. The corresponding moduli stabilization has to be consistent with the unification of gauge couplings and proton decay. At tree level, gravitino, gauginos, higgsinos and Higgs bosons are massless. The flux corresponds to a D-term breaking of supersymmetry [14], and quantum corrections will generate masses for all theses particles. For M ~ 1015 GeV, one would have m3/2 ~ 1012 GeV. Since at tree level gaugino masses are protected by an R-symmetry and the hig-gsino masses by a PQ symmetry, one has
4~q= m-j » m3/2 » m1/2, mh .
This mass hierarchy is realized in split supersymmetry with gaug-inos in the TeV range [31] or in "spread supersymmetry" with heavier gauginos and a higgsino LSP [32]. The details of the mass spectrum depend on the treatment of quantum corrections, in particular the contribution from anomaly mediation [33,34]. Alternatively, one may be left just with the Standard Model and an axion.
A well-known problem of split supersymmetry is the fine-tuning of the Higgs potential, not to mention the cosmological constant. It remains to be seen whether the higher-dimensional framework discussed in this paper can shed some new light on these problems.
Acknowledgements
We thank Emilian Dudas, Koichi Hamaguchi and Satoshi Shi-rai for helpful discussions. This work has been supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG) within the Collaborative Research Center 676 "Particles, Strings and the Early Universe". M.D. also acknowledges support from the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes.
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