Rokhlin Dimension and C*-DynamicsAcademic research paper on "Physical sciences"

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Academic research paper on topic "Rokhlin Dimension and C*-Dynamics"

﻿Commun. Math. Phys. 335, 637-670 (2015)

Digital Object Identifier (DOI) 10.1007/s00220-014-2264-x

Communications in Mathematical Physics

Rokhlin Dimension and C *-Dynamics

Ilan Hirshberg1, Wilhelm Winter2, Joachim Zacharias3

1 Department of Mathematics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105 Beersheba, Israel. E-mail: ilan@math.bgu.ac.il

2 Mathematisches Institut, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany. E-mail: wwinter@uni-muenster.de

3 School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, University Gardens, Glasgow Q12 8QW, Scotland. E-mail: Joachim.Zacharias@glasgow.ac.uk

Received: 7 December 2013 / Accepted: 3 November 2014

Abstract: We develop the concept of Rokhlin dimension for integer and for finite group actions on C*-algebras. Our notion generalizes the so-called Rokhlin property, which can be thought of as Rokhlin dimension 0. We show that finite Rokhlin dimension is prevalent and appears in cases in which the Rokhlin property cannot be expected: the property of having finite Rokhlin dimension is generic for automorphisms of Z-stable C*-algebras, where Z denotes the Jiang-Su algebra. Moreover, crossed products by automorphisms with finite Rokhlin dimension preserve the property of having finite nuclear dimension, and under a mild additional hypothesis also preserve Z-stability. In topological dynamics our notion may be interpreted as a topological version of the classical Rokhlin lemma: automorphisms arising from minimal homeomorphisms of finite dimensional compact metrizable spaces always have finite Rokhlin dimension. The latter result has by now been generalized by Szabo to the case of free and aperiodic Zd-actions on compact metrizable and finite dimensional spaces.

Contents

0. Introduction .........................

1. Rokhlin Dimension for Actions of Finite Groups......

2. Rokhlin Dimension for Actions of Z ............

3. Genericity in the Z-Stable Case...............

4. Permanence of Finite Nuclear Dimension..........

5. Permanence of Z-Stability..................

6. Topological Dynamics....................

Appendix: Crossed Products, Nuclear Dimension and Z-Stability References.............................

638 640 644 651 655 658 665 667 669

Research partially supported by the Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 1471/07), by GIF (Grant No. 1137-30.6/2011), by EPSRC (Grants No. EP/G014019/1 and No. EP/I019227/1), by the DFG (SFB 878) and by the CRM Barcelona.

0. Introduction

An action of a countable discrete group G on a (possibly noncommutative) space X has a Rokhlin property if there are systems of subsets of X, indexed by large subsets of G,

(i) which are (approximately) pairwise disjoint,

(ii) which (approximately) cover X and

(iii) on which the group action is (approximately) compatible with translation on the index set.

In a sense, Rokhlin properties create a 'reflection' of the acting group in the underlying space which often allows for a dynamic viewpoint on properties of the latter. The concrete interpretation of conditions (i), (ii) and (iii) above allows for a certain amount of freedom, and may vary with the applications one has in mind. For a general group it is usually not so clear how to synchronize indexing by large subsets and compatibility of the group action with translation on these subsets. The situation is much less ambiguous if G is finitely generated, in particular for Z (or Zd) or for finite groups.

In this paper we will be mostly interested in the noncommutative case, more specifically in actions on C*-algebras. The study of such actions, and their associated crossed products, has always been a central theme in operator algebras, beginning with Murray and von Neumann's group measure space construction which associates a von Neumann algebra to an action of a group on a measure space. Since then the crossed product construction has been generalized to actions on noncommutative von Neumann and C*-algebras, providing an inexhaustible source of highly nontrivial examples. It combines in an intricate way dynamical properties of the action and properties of the algebra of coefficients.

A basic, yet important early result in the dynamics of group actions on measure spaces is the Rokhlin Lemma saying that a measure preserving aperiodic (i.e., almost everywhere non-periodic) action of Z can be approximated by cyclic shifts, in the sense that there exists a finite partition of the space (Rokhlin tower) which is almost cyclically permuted. It can be reformulated as a result about strongly outer automorphisms of commutative von Neumann algebras involving partitions of unity by orthogonal projections (towers of projections) and this formulation has led to the various versions of C*-algebraic Rokhlin properties. (We recall the version which is now most commonly used in Definition 2.1.)

As it turns out, there are many important examples of actions of finite groups and Z possessing Rokhlin properties. See, for instance, [9,16] and references therein for actions of Z, and [4,10,11,23], for the finite group case. In fact, Rokhlin properties, especially for the single automorphism case, are quite prevalent, and indeed as a byproduct we establish in this paper that they are generic for automorphisms of unital C *-algebras which absorb a UHF algebra of infinite type. For related work establishing genericity of Rokhlin type conditions, see [25].

Most currently used C *-algebraic Rokhlin properties involve towers consisting of projections. However, unlike in the case of von Neumann algebras, requiring the existence of projections poses severe restrictions on the coefficient algebra. In particular, by lack of projections, automorphisms of the Jiang-Su algebra Z (the smallest possible C*-algebraic analogue of the hyperfinite IIi factor R) or automorphisms arising from homeomorphisms of connected spaces will not satisfy most of the current definitions of the Rokhlin property. Moreover, even if there are sufficiently many projections (e.g. in the real rank zero case) Rokhlin properties do not always hold. In the C*-setting

they become regularity properties of actions which may be regarded as a strong form of outerness (producing mostly simple C*-algebras).

The main purpose of this paper is to develop generalizations of Rokhlin properties motivated by the idea of covering dimension. Roughly speaking, instead of requiring towers consisting of projections, we allow for partitions of unity involving several towers of positive elements, where elements from different towers are no longer required to be orthogonal, but the number of different towers is restricted. (A further requirement, which we need for some results and which is automatic in many important cases, is that these towers commute.) This is analogous to the definition of covering dimension using partitions of unity with functions allowing for controlled overlaps. We like to think of the number of towers as the coloring number, or dimension, of the cover of the dynamical system, the usual Rokhlin property corresponding to the zero dimensional case. It turns out that this generalization provides a much more flexible concept, which applies to a much wider range of examples than the currently used Rokhlin properties. We can even show that in the Z-stable case finite Rokhlin dimension is topologically generic. A very nice and explicit example for which we can show finiteness of our Rokhlin dimension and where the usual Rohklin property clearly fails are irrational rotation automorphisms of C (T). In the initial version of this paper we showed that that automorphisms corresponding to minimal homeomorphisms of compact spaces of finite covering dimension always have finite Rokhlin dimension. This result might be regarded as a topological version of the classical Rokhlin Lemma. After this result appeared on the arXiv, Szabo in [29] generalized it to the case of free and aperiodic Zd-actions. Szabo's argument is based on results by Gutman and by Lindenstrauss; it is technically easier than our original approach, which we do not include in the present version (it is still available in arXiv:1209.1618v1).

Covering dimension for topological spaces was generalized to the context of C*-algebras in [15,35], in which the related concepts of decomposition rank and nuclear dimension were introduced. Those are based on placing a uniform bound on the decom-posability of c.p. approximations of the identity map (cf. [5]). Simple C*-algebras with finite decomposition rank or finite nuclear dimension have been shown to have significant regularity properties, in particular they are Z-stable [32,33]. Whilst these classes have good permanence properties, in particular those with finite nuclear dimension, there are still no general results known involving crossed products. Our original motivation was to find bounds on the decomposition rank and/or nuclear dimension of crossed products, which is indeed possible for Rokhlin actions of finite groups. Moreover it turns out that similar bounds can be established for automorphisms satisfying higher dimensional Rokhlin properties, at least for the nuclear dimension. Combining these results with the finiteness of Rokhlin dimension for minimal systems on compact spaces of finite covering dimension we obtain finiteness of the nuclear dimension of crossed products of such systems. This provides a different proof of the nuclear dimension result in [31]. Moreover, the generalization obtained by Szabo (see [29]) together with the results of [17] have now led to the classification of crossed products associated to Cantor free minimal Zd-actions with compact space of ergodic measures, see [34] (also see [21] for the uniquely ergodic case). In fact, the respective result holds for actions on compact metrizable and finite dimensional spaces, provided that traces are separated by projections.

In this paper we focus our attention on unital C* -algebras. The non-unital case, as well as further properties of finite Rokhlin dimension for finite group actions, will be explored in a forthcoming paper of the first named author and Phillips, [7].

We note that other generalizations of the Rokhlin property have been considered which are based on the idea of leaving out a remainder which is small in a tracial sense (see [1,6,22,24,27]).

We also wish to point out that finite Rokhlin dimension can be interpreted as a dynamic version of Kirchberg's covering number, introduced in [13] (also cf. [14]).

Hiroki Matui and Yasuhiko Sato have informed us that they have a proof that all strongly outer automorphisms of separable, simple, unital, monotracial and Z-stable C *-algebras have Rokhlin dimension at most 1, thus partially generalizing our Theorem 3.4. Their argument is based on the techniques developed in [20].

As a further variation of our Rokhlin dimension one might in addition ask the Rokhlin systems to approximate the underlying algebra; one might also compare the necessary number of colors with the possible lengths of the Rokhlin towers of such approximations (instead of asking for a global bound on the number of colors). This idea leads to a version of 'slow dimension growth' which in turn is closely related to the notion of mean dimension introduced by Lindenstrauss and Weiss in [18].

Finally, we mention that Bartels, Luck and Reich have studied a concept closely relatedtooursin[2]; this idea plays a key role in their proof of the Farrell-Jones conjecture for hyperbolic groups in [3].

These connections will be studied in subsequent work.

The organization of the paper is as follows. We first consider the case of finite group actions in Sect. 1, which in some respects is simpler than the case of actions of Z and serves as a good motivation displaying some essential ideas. In Sect. 2 we introduce various versions of Rokhlin dimension for Z-actions and study their interplay. In Sect. 3 we show that finite Rohklin dimension is generic in the Z-stable case. A similar argument shows that the Rokhlin property is generic in the UHF-stable case. In Sect. 4 we show that finite nuclear dimension is preserved under forming crossed products by automorphisms with finite Rokhlin dimension, and in Sect. 5 we show that Z-stability is preserved if we assume a further commutativity condition in the definition of Rokhlin dimension (which holds in all cases we are aware of); the latter result holds for actions of finite groups and of Z.

In Sect. 6 we consider minimal Z-actions on finite dimensional compact Hausdorff spaces, which always turn out to have finite Rokhlin dimension. We give a direct argument of this fact for irrational rotations and compare it to Szabo's generalization to free and aperiodic Zd-actions.

In an appendix we recall the crossed product construction as well as the notions of nuclear dimension and of Z-stability for the reader's convenience.

We would like to thank the referee for carefully reading the manuscript and for a number of helpful comments.

1. Rokhlin Dimension for Actions of Finite Groups

In this section we define the concept of Rokhlin dimension for finite group actions on C*-algebras and show how this notion can be used to prove permanence of finite nuclear dimension under taking crossed products.

Definition 1.1. Let G be a finite group, A a unital C*-algebra and

a : G ^ Aut(A)

an action of G on A. We say that a has Rokhlin dimension d if d is the least integer such that the following holds: for any e > 0 and every finite subset F c A there are positive contractions

l=0,...,d; geG

satisfying (1) for any l,

c(l) f (l )

g J h (l)

< e, whenever g = h in G,

Za v f(l) 1

l=0 geG J g 1

< e for all l e{0,..., d} and g e G,

< e for all l e{0,...,d}, g e G and a e F.

We will refer to the family (fgl))l=0,..,d; geG as a multiple tower and to the d+1 families (fg0))geG, ■ ■ ■, (fgd ))gsG as towers of color 0,...,d, respectively. Notice that if d = 0 then we obtain the usual Rokhlin property for actions of finite groups (see [10,11]). A possible variant of the above definition would be to weaken (2) to

(2') f :=Ed=0Z

> (1 - e) ■ U

If the towers can be chosen to commute or approximately commute it's not hard to see that if (2') is true then, upon replacing fgl) by f-1/2 fgl) f-1/2 and e by a sufficiently small fraction of e, we can also obtain (2), so that (2) and (2') are equivalent in this case.

Remark 1.2. By approximating the function t ^ t1/2 by polynomials on [0, 1] we may assume in Definition 1.1 above that for h, g e G and a e F we have

f (l)1/2 f (l)1/2 fg J h

< e if g = h,

(l)1/2

< e and

ah{^fg(H - f

(l)1/2 hg

for all l e{0,..., d}. Also, we may replace the finite set F in the definition by a norm compact set.

Theorem 1.3. Let G be a finite group, A a unital C *-algebra with finite decomposition rank and a : G ^ Aut(A) be an action with Rokhlin dimension d.

Then the crossed product A xia G has finite decomposition rank as well—in fact,

dr(A Xa G) < (dr(A) + 1)(d +1) - 1.

The respective statement is true for nuclear dimension.

Proof. We will only give a proof for the decomposition rank; the proof for nuclear dimension is similar. Set n = |G | and recall that dr( Mn (A)) = dr (A) and denote this number by N.

Let F c A xa G c Mn (A) finite and e > 0 be given; we may assume that F consists of contractions. Choose an N-decomposable c.p.c. approximation (for Mn (A)) consisting of F = F(0) ® ••• ® F(n), t : Mn (A) ^ : F ^ Mn (A), (p =

■ ■ + q>(N) for F to within e/6.

We will construct c.p. approximations (for A xa G) as below, and then use stability of order zero maps to replace the maps py by ones that are decomposable into order zero maps:

Mn (A)

j =0 F

Let K0 = [JgeG Uj=0(idMn ® ag\Bf)), where Bf is the closed unit ball in F, and let K ç A be the collection of all matrix entries of elements in K0. Notice that K0, K are compact subsets of Mn (A) and A respectively. Using stability of order zero maps, we choose n > 0 such that n < e/6 and such that if 0 : F ^ A xa G is a c.p.c.map which satisfies \\0(a)0(b)\\ < (n + 4)n3n for all positive orthogonal contractions a, b e F, then there exists a c.p.c. order zero map 0' : F ^ A xa G such that \\0' — 0 \\ < e/(6(d + 1)(N + 1)). Finally we also require n to be such that (2(d + 1)n + 1)nn < e/6 which will be used later.

Every element x e F ç A xa G can be written in the form x = XgeGx(g)ug,

where x (g) e A are uniquely determined contractions. Let F be the finite set F = {x (g) | x e F, g e G} ç A.

For the particular n > 0 we have chosen and the compact set K U F, choose a multiple

(l)) such that (1)-(4) of Definition 1.1 hold true for e replaced by

Jl=0,...,d;, "

f (l)1/2 fhg

l=0,...,d; geG

n and a e K U F and also

(l ) 1/2

< n and [ fg , a Now, define p(l) : Mn (A)

f (l)1/2 f (l)1/2 fg fh

(l)1/2 ah ( fg ) —

< n (g, h e G different),

<n for all l e{0,...,d}, a e K U F, g, h e G. A xa G by

P(l)(eg,h ® a) = f(l)l/2ugau*h f(l)1/2.

We note that p(l) is c.p. since it is the composition of the canonical inclusion Mn ® A ^ Mn ® A xa G with the map Mn(A xa G) ^ A xa G given by a ^ vlavf, where

vl e M\n (A xa G) is defined by vi = (fgl) 1 ug\ (as a row vector whose

V ' geG

entries are indexed by the elements of G). Thus the sum p = £ = p(l) is also c.p. For a e K U F, g e G, l e{0,...,d} we have

p(l)(aug) = p(l)(^< eh,g—1h ® ah—1 (a))

= Z f^2

(l) 1/2 uh ah—1 (a)uh—1 gfg-1h

Zs(l)l/2 Al) fh ) augf( l

g g—1 h

—nv^j fl

(1)1/2 n ) 1/2

Thus \\p{aug) - aug|| < (2(d + 1)n + 1)n by assumption (note that ||a|| < 1) and so \\p(x) - x|| < (2(d + 1)n + 1)nn < s/6

for x e F.

Note that p(1) = Ya=0 P(l)(1) = Hd=oHge G fgl), therefore ||p || < 1 + e/6andso after possible normalization (dividing by its norm) we have || p | = 1 and ||p(x) - x || < e/3 for all x e F.

Define f(l) := Y.geG fg(l), wherel e{0,..., d}. One checks that for all a, b e KUF, and gi, g2, h1, h2 e G, we have

Wp(l)(a ® eg1M)p(l)(b ® eg2m) - f (l)p(l)((a ® eg1M) ■ (b ® eg2,h2))|| < (n + 4)n. Therefore, if a, b are elements of K0 c Mn (^), then

Wp(l)(a)p(l)(b) - f (l)p(l)(ab)W < (n + 4)n3n. Consequently, for any j = 0,...,d, we have that

\p(l)(y(j)(a)) ■ p(l)(y(j)(b)) - f(l)p(l)(^{j)(a)V{j)(b)^ < (n + 4)n3n

for all a, b e Bf. In particular, if a, b e Bf are positive and orthogonal, then Wp(l\ç(j\a))p(l\y(j)(b))| < (n + 4)n3n, and p(l) o q>(j) is a c.p.c. map. By the choice of n, there are c.p.c. order zero maps

r(l'j) : F ^ A xœ G

such that

\\a(hj) - p(l) ◦ p(j)|

< e/[6(d +1)(N + 1)].

— ^a(l'j) : F ^ A xœ G

j —о

— Ë°(l) :0 F ^ A G.

If ||a || > 1, then we normalize a; since ||a || < 1+e/6, normalizing will again introduce an error of at most e/6.

Thus, possibly after normalizing, we have that ||a - p o p|| < e/3, and putting everything together, the triple (0f=0 F, t, a) is a ((d + 1)(N + 1) - 1)-decomposable approximation for F within e, as required. □

Remark 1.4. We will see in Theorem 5.9 that Z-stability also passes to crossed products by finite group actions with finite Rokhlin dimension, provided one in addition assumes that the Rokhlin towers commute.

2. Rokhlin Dimension for Actions of Z

In this section we introduce the concept of Rokhlin dimension for Z-actions on C*-algebras. There is a certain amount of freedom in the definition, just as for the original Rokhlin property. For the latter, several versions have been studied (cf. [9,16] and the references therein). Correspondingly, we introduce several versions of Rokhlin dimension and compare these. As it turns out, in general one such version is finite if and only if the other is—roughly, they bound one another by a factor 2. Since we are mostly interested in when the Rokhlin dimension is finite (as opposed to the precise value), for our purposes it will not be too important which variant we choose. The different versions of Rokhlin dimension are designed so that they are just the zero dimensional instances of the various Rokhlin properties; in this regard, our concept bridges the gaps between the latter. For our exposition we will give slight preference to the version generalizing the definition below.

Let us first recall the Rokhlin property which is now most commonly used.

Definition 2.1. Let A be a unital C*-algebra, and let a : Z ^ Aut(A) be an action of the integers. We say that a has the Rokhlin property if for any finite set F c A, any e > 0 and any p e N there are projections

eo,o, •••' eo,p-1, ei,o, •••, ei,p e A

such that

(1) Z1=o Z p=ro-1 er, j = 1,

(2) \\ax(er, j ) - er, j+i|| < e for all J = o, 1,---, p - 2 + r,

(3) \\[er,j, a]\\ < e for all r, J and all a e F.

We shall refer to the projections in the definition as Rokhlin projections and to the set of those projections as Rokhlin towers.

Remark 2.2. (i) It follows immediately from the definition that the Rokhlin projections arepairwise orthogonal, and that \\a1(eo,p-1 + e1;p) - (eo,o + e1io)\\ < e. In the generalization we consider, we will need to add such assumptions explicitly. (ii) It could be that the e1; j's (or the eo, j's) are all zero. If this can always be arranged then we say that a has the single tower Rokhlin property. The single tower Rokhlin property is stronger than the Rokhlin property—it implies immediately that the identity can be decomposed into a sum of projections which are equivalent via an automorphism, which amounts to a nontrivial divisibility requirement. For instance, there can be no automorphism on the UHF algebra of type which has the single tower Rokhlin property as stated here, whereas we shall see that the Rokhlin property is generic for automorphisms of this algebra (for this C*-algebra, there are many automorphisms with single Rokhlin towers if one restricts to towers of a height which is a power of 2—in fact, basically the same proof shows that such automorphisms are generic).

We now turn to our main definition.

Definition 2.3. Let A be a unital C*-algebra and a : Z ^ Aut(A) an action of the integers.

(a) We say a has Rokhlin dimension d,

dimRok (A, a) = d,

if d is the least natural number such that the following holds:

For any finite subset F c A, any p e N and any e > 0, there are positive elements

foi, fo,P-v f,p, l e{0,...,d},

satisfying

(1) for any l e {0,...,d}, || f^] f(l)\ < e, whenever (q, i) = (r, j),

(2) (3)

vd V1 vp-1+r f (l] 1 < e 2^i=o =o j =o fr, j 1 < e,

a1(fj - fr(j)+J < e for all r e {o, 1}, j e {o, 1,..., p - 2 + r} and all

l e{o,...,d},

(4) ||ax( f^ + f® ) - (fo(io + fS) || < e for all l,

(5) || [ f(lj, a] || < e for all r, j, l and a e F.

If there is no such d then we say that a has infinite Rokhlin dimension and write dimRok (A, a) = &>.

(b) If, moreover, for all towers we can arrange ||[ fqi), f(nm]]|| < e for all q, i, l, r, j, m, then we say that a has Rokhlin dimension d with commuting towers,

dimRok (A, a) = d.

(c) If one can obtain this property such that for all l one of the towers ( fo(,l)j ) j or ( f1(,l)j ) j vanishes, then we shall say that a has Rokhlin dimension d with single towers,

dimRok (A, a) = d.

(d) We write

dimRok (A, a) = d

if a satisfes the conditions above except that (2) is replaced by the weaker condition (20 Zd=oZT=oZp=o+r f(j ^a - e) ■ U (e) We define dimRok (Aa) and dimRok (Aa) in the respective manner, replacing property (2) by (2') in (b) and (c).

We shall refer to each sequence (f(lj ) je{o,...,p-i+r} as a tower, to the length of the

sequence as the height of the tower, and to the pair of towers (f(lj )je{o,...,p-1+r}, r e {o, 1}, as a double tower. The superscript l will sometimes be referred to as the color of the tower.

Remark 2.4. (i) Obviously dimRok(A, a) and dimRok(A, a) coincide if A is commutative and we will show below (Proposition 2.7) that in this case we also have dimRok (A, a) = dimRok (A, a) and dimRok (A, a) = dimRok (A, a). (ii) Note that in the single tower version defined in (c) above, property (4) of 2.3(a) forces property (3) to hold cyclically, i.e., for j e{o, 1,..., p - 1 + r}.

(iii) It is clear that in general dimRok(A, a) < dimRok(A, a). However in all cases in which we establish that a Z-action has Rokhlin dimension d the towers are commuting, and we do not know if there are any examples for which there is a strict inequality. The additional assumption concerning commuting towers is needed as a hypothesis for some results but not others.

(iv) Similarly, dimRok (A, a) < dimRok (A, a) in general and it is straightforward to verify that dimRok (A, a) = 0 if and only if a has the Rokhlin property (if and only if dimRok(A, a) = 0).

(v) As is the case for the regular Rokhlin property, one could have defined a notion of a Rokhlin dimension using more than two towers for each color. That is, require that for any given N one could find numbers RN, p0,pRN such that pr > N and positive elements fj1), l = 0, 1,...,d, r = 0, 1,..., RN, for all r and j = 0, 1,..., pr such that the analogous definition holds (of course, if one allows for arbitrary tower lengths and numbers of towers, then e in conditions (1)-(5) has to be replaced by something like e/(p0 + ••• + pRN)). However, this can be reduced to the case of two towers in a standard way, which we quickly outline. For a given p, we find an N such that any n > N can be written as a(p - 1) + bp for some given non-negative integers a, b. Using this N, one finds f(ljj as above. We fix ar, br such that ar (p - 1) + brp = pr + 1, and then define

Rn ar -1

f(l) _ v V f (l)

J0,j = Z-, Z-, fr,m(p-1)+j

r=0 m=0

RN br-1

f(l) = V V f(l)

1 , j = r, ar ( p - 1) +mp+ j

r=0 m=0

and this reduces the case of an arbitrary number of towers of each color, each in an arbitrary length of at least N to our notion of Rokhlin dimension.

(vi) The definition of Rokhlin dimension (and Rokhlin dimension with commuting towers) is equivalent to the following apriori weaker formulation: instead of asking for double towers of arbitrary height p, one can require that there are such towers for arbitrarily large p (independently of e) but not necessarily for any p. This can be shown by using a rearrangement of tower terms as explained above, and is useful in certain examples (e.g. if it is easier to produce towers which are of prime height, or of height which is a power of 2). We note, however, that in the single tower case this indeed gives a different formulation. For example [cf. Remark 2.2(ii)], the infinite tensor shift on the CAR algebra has the Rokhlin property and one can obtain single towers of height 2n, but if one requires heights which are not powers of 2 then one needs two towers (this follows from K-theoretic considerations).

Notation 2.5. We like to think of finite Rokhlin dimension as a property of a group action rather than of an automorphism, even if the group is cyclic. However, when it is understood that the group is Z we will sometimes slightly abuse notation and write dimRok (A, a) even when a e Aut (A) denotes the automorphism inducing the Z-action rather than the action itself. In this situation we also say that the automorphism has finite Rokhlin dimension.

There is a useful and straightforward reformulation of the definition of Rokhlin dimension which will be used later on:

Proposition 2.6. Let A be a unital C *-algebra and a : Z ^ Aut (A) a Z-action.

(a) Then dimRok (A, a) < d if and only if the following holds: For every p e N, F c A finite and e > 0 there are c.p.c. maps

Z(l ) : Cp © Cp+1 ^ A, l e{0,..., d},

such that

(1) WZ{V)(e)Z{l)(e')W < eyeWe'y whenever e, e' e Cp © Cp+l are orthogonal positive elements,

(2) WE l Z(1)(1cp © 1cp+1 ) - UH <e,

(3) ||ai(Z(l)(e)) - Z(l)(a(e))|| < e|e| for all elements 0 < e e Cp © Cp+1 satisfying e ± (ep, fp+1), where a e Aut(Cp © Cp+1) is the cyclic shift on each summand and ej, fj denote the canonical generators of Cp and Cp+1, respectively,

(4) ||a1 (Z(l)((ep, fp+1))) - Z(l)((eu f))|| < e,

(5) ||[Z(l)(e), a]H < e|e| for all 0 < e e Cp © Cp+1 and a e F.

(b) Wehave dimRok (A,a) < d if for every p, F and e as above there are Z(0), ' as above such that each vanishes on one of the summands Cp or Cp+1.

(c) Wehave dimRok (A,a) < d if for every p, F and e as above there are Z(0), '

asabovewith W[Z(l)(e), Z(l')(e')]W < eHeme! for all l, l' e {0,..., d} ande, e' e Cp © Cp+1.

(d) We have dimRok (A, a) < d if for every p, F and e as in (a) there are Z(0),...,Z(d' as in (a) satisfying

(2)'£l Z(1)(1cp © 1cp+1 ) > (1 - e) ■ 1a instead of (2).

A combination of (b), (c) and (d) yields the respective statements for dimRok (A, a) and dimRok(A, a).

When the underlying C * -algebra is commutative, then clearly each version of Rokhlin dimension agrees with its commuting tower counterpart - but in this case, we even have that dimRok agrees with dimRok:

Proposition 2.7. Let (T, h) be a dynamical system with T compact and metrizable; let a be the induced action on C(T). Then,

diHRok(C(T), a) = dimRok(C(T), a) (1)

dimRok(C(T), a) = dimRok(C(T), a).

Proof. We clearly have dimRok(C(T),a) < dimRok(C(T), a). For the reverse inequality, assume

dimRok(C(T), a) < d

and suppose we are given p e N, 0 < e < 1 and F c C(T) finite (in fact, the subset F is irrelevant here since C(T) is commutative). Define f e C([0, d + 1]) by

t-1 if t > 1/2 f (t) := \ 0 if t = 0 linear else.

By approximating f uniformly by polynomials we can find

o <5 < -4

such that, for any positive a with ||a|| < d + 1, if ||a1(a) - all <5 then ||a1( f (a)) -f (a)|| < §.

2(d + 1)

since dimRok(C(T), a) < d, there are c.p.c. maps

Z(l) : Cp ® Cp+1 ^ C(T)(= A)

satisfying 2.6(1), (2'), (3), (4) and (5). Note that by 2.6(2') and since the Z(l) are c.p.c. we have

2 ■ 1c(T) <£Z(l)(1) < (d + 1) ■ 1c(T),

whence

'(Xt(l)(1)) = (jtt(l)(1)) .

From 2.6(3), (4) we see that

(d \ d

Zz(1)(1)) Z(l)(1) l=0 ' l=0

l=o / l=o By the choice of 5 and by (2) this entails d -

< 2(d + 1)e = 5.

«H(xz(l)(d) ) -(xt(l)(1))

Define maps

Z(l) : Cp © Cp+1 ^ c (T)

Z(l)(.) :=\X Z k=0

(X Z(k)(1)) \k=0 /

Z(l)(.)

for l = 0,...,d; it is clear that the Z(l) are c.p.c. and that

XZ (l)(1) = 1c(T), l=0

whence 2.6(2) holds for the Z(l) (in fact, with 0 in place of e). By 2.6(1), (2') and since C(T) is commutative, we have

Ü(l>(e> £[l>(e')\\ < 4e\\e\\\\e'\\ <

-d>(e'

whenever e, e'_ e Cp © Cp+1 are positive orthogonal elements; it follows that 2.6(1) holds for the f(l> and e in place of f (l>_and e.

2.6(5) holds automatically for the f (l> (again with 0 in place of e) since F and the range of the f (l> are in C(T).

Finally, we estimate for each l e{0,...,d} and 0 < e e Cp © C^1

ai(f (l>(e)) -f (a(e)> d

■(l >(

(it f^i) f(l>(e>) -(it ^(D) ' \k=0 / ) \k=0 '

(t f(k>dA (a \k=0 '

> L e \„ (2e + ^ \e

f(l>(a (e>>

ai(f(l>(e>> -f

(a (e»)

+ 2 "e\

< e||ey,

so 2.6(3) holds for Z(l) and e in place of Z(l) and e.

We have now shown (1). Literally the same proof also yields the single tower version. □

Rokhlin dimension with single towers in general does not coincide with Rokhlin dimension. That is already true in the case of the regular Rokhlin property: there are automorphisms with the Rokhlin property but in which requiring double-towers is essential. One way to see this is via K-theoretic considerations [cf. Remarks 2.2(ii) and 2.4(vi)]: for example, if a is an approximately inner automorphism which has a Rokhlin tower then all Rokhlin projections are equivalent in K0, and therefore if a has the Rokhlin property with single towers then K0(A) must be divisible—and it is well known that there are Rokhlin automorphisms on C*-algebras which do not have divisible K0, e.g. the CAR algebra. However, if we allow for higher Rokhlin dimensions, then we see that the distinction is relatively mild:

Proposition 2.8. Let A be a unital C *-algebra and a : Z ^ Aut (A) an action. Then

dimRok(a) < dimRok(a) < 2dimRok(a) + 1 (4)

and _____

dimRok (a) < dimRok (a ) < 2 dimRok (a ) + 1. (5)

Proof. As in 2.7, we only show (4); the same argument will also yield (5).

The left hand inequality is trivial. As for the right hand one, we may assume that a has finite Rokhlin dimension. Let f(lj, l = 0, 1,...,d, r = 0, 1, j = 0, 1,..., p — 1+r be Rokhlin tower elements for a, with respect to a given e > 0, height p and finite set

F c A. Let us first assume that p is large enough so that e > p-\/2. We shall construct

single towers (g<j)) for l = o, 1,..., 2d, the same finite set F and with 2e instead of e. Define decay factors jxr :{o, 1,..., p - 1 + r R by

Mr (n) = 1 -

\(p - 1+ r)/2 - n\ (p - 1+ r)/2 '

Mr (x )

p - 1 + r

where we denote ¡xo (p) = o. We use this decay factor to merge each double tower into two separate (cyclic) towers. Schematically, we use the decay factor /¿r which is large in the middle and small in the ends to bunch up the tower terms as follows

and we use 1 - ¡xr, which is small at the center, to bunch up the tower terms like this (treat p as even for the purpose of the diagram):

For l = o, 1, ...,d, and j = o, 1,..., p, define tower elements as follows, where in the formulas below f^j for j > p - 1 + r is meant to be read modulo p + r:

gf = Mo (j) f() + tn(j) f,j, j = o, 1,

and for l = 1,...,d

y(l+d) j

g^ = (1 - mo(j - 1)) folj-1 + (1 - M1(j)) f1lj j = \p/2-\ + 1,..., p.

One now readily checks that gj satisfy the requirements.

If p is not sufficiently large, we choose a k such that e > kp-3/2, choose Rokhlin towers (fj1)) for j = 1,...,kp - 1+r and l = o,...,d with tolerance e/k instead of e,

= (1 - Mo(j)) f() + (1 - M1(j)) fS j = o, 1,..., \ p/2\ - 1 = (1 - M1(j)) f,j for j =\p/2\

and repeat the previous procedure to obtain Rokhlin towers (g(p) for j = 0, 1,..., kp-1

and l = 0,..., 2d. Defining g () = ^=0 gf+np for j = 0, 1,..., p - 1 and l = 0,...,2d gives us Rokhlin towers of height p as required. □

Remark 2.9. It follows from the preceding proof that in fact all the single towers can be chosen to be of the same height (rather than allowing for some to be of height p and others of height p + 1).

3. Genericity in the Z-Stable Case

We recall that the automorphism group of a C*-algebra A can be endowed with the topology of pointwise convergence generated by the sets

Ua,a = {3 I \\3(a) - a(a)\\ + \\3-1 (a) - a-1(a)\\ < 1},

where a runs over all a e Aut (A) and a runs over all elements of A. If A is separable, then this topology is Polish.

In this section we want to show that the property of having finite Rokhlin dimension is generic, more precisely the automorphisms a Z-stable C* -algebra which have Rokhlin dimension at most 1 form a dense Gs set in the topology of pointwise norm convergence. Recall that for p e N the dimension drop interval Zp,p+i is given as

Zp,p+1 = {f e C([0, 1], Mp ® Mp+1) I f (0) e Mp ® 1, f (1) e 1 ® Mp+1}

and that the Jiang-Su algebra Z is an inductive limit of such dimension drop intervals.

Lemma 3.1. There exists a unitary u e Zp,p+1 and positive elements

f0,■■■, fp-1, g0, gp e Zp,p+1

such that

(1) fifj = 0, gigj = 0 and [ fi, gj] =0 for all i = j.

(2) f + ••• + fp-1 + g0 + ••• + gp = 1.

(3) ufju* = fj+1 and ugju* = gj+1 for all j, where addition is modulo p or p + 1, respectively.

Proof. Let h e C([0, 1]) be defined by:

Let vx e Mp be a continuous path of unitary matrices such that vx is a fixed cyclic permutation matrix of order p for all x e [0, 2/3], and v1 = 1. Similarly, let wx e Mp+1 be a continuous path of unitaries, which is a fixed cyclic permutation matrix of order p + 1 for all x e [1/3, 1] and w0 = 1. Let ux = vx ® wx, then u = (ux)xS[0i1] is a unitary in Zp,p+1. Now, choose projections a0,..., ap-1 e Mp which add up to 1, such that v0aj v* = aj+1 (modulo p), and similarly choose projections b0,...,bp e Mp+1 which add up to 1 such that v1bj v* = bj+1 modulo p + 1.

Setting fj(x) = h(x) ■ ax ® 1, gj = (1 - h(x)) ■ 1 ® bx gives us elements as required. □

Lemma 3.2. Let A be a separable C *-algebra. Let a1,...,an, b1,...,bn e A set c = Xn=1 ai ®max bi e A ®max A, and let p(x, x*) be a noncommutative polynomial. For any e > ||p(c, c*)|| there are a 5 > o and a finite subset W c A such that the following holds.

For any C*-algebra B and any two *-homomorphisms : A ^ B which satisfy H[y(x ),f( y)]|| < 5 forallx, y e W, if we set d = YTi=1 ((ai )f(bi) then we have that ||p(d, d*)|| < e.

Proof. Suppose not. Let Wm be an increasing sequence of finite sets with dense union, then for any m > 0 we can find a C *-algebra Bm and a pair of homomorphisms <pm ,fm : A ^ Bm such that \\[pm(x), fm(y)]\\ < 1/m for all x, y e Wm but if we set dm = YH=1 Vm(ai)fm(bi) then \\p(dm, dm)\ > e. Let Cp = (cp\, w., ■■■),f = (fi, t2, ■■■) be the induced homomorphisms Vp, f : A ^ n Bn / 0 Bn. Notice that

[V(x ),f (y )] = 0

for any x, y, and therefore we have a well-defined homomorphism

(,O® f : A ®max A ^ PI Bm Bm. But then it follows that

\\p(Pp(c),p(c)*)\\ > e

We recall the following simple application of functional calculus:

Lemma 3.3. For any e > o there is a 5 > o such that for any unital C *-algebra A if a e A satisfies max{|| 1 - a* a!, || 1 - aa*H} <5 then there is a unitary u e A such that Hu - aH < e.

Theorem 3.4. Let A be a unital separable Z-stable C* -algebra, then a dense G5 set of automorphisms of A has Rokhlin dimension < 1 with commuting towers (and in fact with single Rokhlin towers). In particular, Rokhlin dimension at most 1 is generic.

If furthermore A = A ® D for D a UHF algebra of infinite type then the Rokhlin property (i.e. Rokhlin dimension o) is generic.

Proof. We shall give a proof for the Z-stable case. The UHF-stable case is similar and will be omitted. Given p e N, a finite set F c A and e > o, we shall say that an automorphism a e Aut(A) has the (p, F, e)-approximate 1-dimensional Rokhlin property if there are positive elements fo,..., fp-1, go,..., gp e A such that

(1) || fifj || < e for all i = j, and Hgigj || < e for all i = j,

(2) ||fo + ••• + fp-1 + go + ••• + gp - 1|| < e,

(3) ||a( fj) - fj+11| < e and ||a(gj) - gj+11| < e for all j, where addition is modulo p or p + 1, respectively,

(4) ||[fj, a]|| < e and ||[gj, a]|| < e for all j and all a e F,

(5) H[ft, gj]|| < e for all i, j.

We denote by Vp,F,e the set of all automorphisms a e Aut(A) which satisfy the (p, F, e)-approximate 1-dimensional Rokhlin property. It is clear that VPF,e is open.

Now, if we choose an increasing sequence of finite sets Fn c A with dense union, then any

a e fl fl VP,Fn,i

peNneN

has Rokhlin dimension at most 1. It thus suffices to prove that Vp,F,e is dense for any p, F, e. We thus fix an automorphism a and a triple (p, F, e). For any finite set F0 c A and y > 0 we need to find ß e VPt Fe such that

max{||ß(fl) - a(a)\\, \\ß-1 (a) - a-1(a)||} < y

for all a e F0. Since enlarging F simply imposes additional conditions, we may assume without loss of generality that F 2 F0, for notational convenience, and we furthermore assume that all elements of F have norm at most 1. We may furthermore assume that Y < e.

Fix y/10 > n > 0 as in Lemma 3.3 such that for any unital C*-algebra A, if a e A satisfies max{||1 - a*a\\, ||1 - aa*\\} < n then there is a unitary u e A such that

\\u - a\\ < y/10.

Choose a unitary u e Zp,p+i c Z and elements f0fp-\, g0,..., gp e Zp,p+1 c Z as in Lemma 3.1. Let G = {u, f0,..., fp-1, g0,---, gp}.

Choose w e Z ® Z such that \\w(x ® 1)w* - 1 ® x|| < n for all x e G. Find contractions a1,...,an, b1,...,bn e Z such that || w - £ n=i ai ® bi || < n. Notice that

1 - ^ aia* ® bib

i, j = 1

1 - Z afaj ® b*bj

i, j=1

and furthermore

i, j=1

aixa* ® bib* - 1 ® x

y a'faj ® b*xbj - x ® 1

i, j=1

Choose W and S as in Lemma 3.2 for the four expressions above and with 2q, 3n instead of e. We may assume without loss of generality that S < n/3n and that W contains ai,..., an, b\,..., bn.

Choose a unital embedding y : Z ^ A such that \\[^(x), < S for all x e G U W and y e a(F) U F U a-1(F). Notice that \\[a ◦ y(x), y]\ < S for all x e G U W and y e F.

Now, choose a unital embedding f : Z ^ A such that \[^(x), y]\\ < S for all x e W, y e F U a-1(F) U y(G U W) U a o y(G U W).

vi = Z^(ai)f(bi), v2 = Za(y(ai))f(bi).

Now, for any x e F we have that

v*1 - f(x)|| < 3n

||v| f(x)v2 - a(p(x))|| < 3n.

Notice that for all a e F U a(F), we have that ||[a, vi]|| < 2n5 < n, i = 1, 2. We also have that ||v*vj - 1||, Hviv* - 1|| < 2n for i = 1, 2. We may thus find unitaries u1, u2 such that Hut - vi || < y/1o. Note that ||[a, u1]| < n + 2y/1oforall a e F U a-1 (F) and H[a, u2]|| < n + 2y/1o for all a e F U a(F). Let z = u\u2. We note that if x e G then

Hza(y(x))z* - p(x)|| < 4y/1o + ||v1 v2a(p(x))v|v1 - p(x)|| <4y/1o + 6n

Note furthermore that if a e F U a(F) then ||[z, a]H < 2n +4y/1o. We now define

P(a) = Ad(z) o a o Ad(((u)). So, for all a e F, we have that

HP(a) - a(a)H = Hza(((u)ay(u*))z* - a(a)|| < 5 + 2n + 4y/1o < y

№-l(a) - a-1(a)|| = |((u*)a-1(z*az)((u) - a-1(a)| <5 + 2n +4y/1o < y.

It remains to check that p e Vp,F,e. We claim that the elements ((fi), (g) have the required properties. The facts that they are orthogonal to each other, add up to 1, e-commute with the elements of F and with each other follow immediately from the requirements we imposed on (.It thus remains to check that they are almost permuted by p. Indeed,

P((P(h)) = za(((u)((ft )((u*))z* = za(((fi+1))z*

and therefore

W(p(fi)) - P(fi+1)|| = Hza(p(fl+1))z* - pf+1)H<4y/1o + 6n<e as required. □

Remark 3.5. A modification of this argument can be used to show the following. Let D be a strongly self-absorbing C*-algebra, and let A be a unital D-stable C*-algebra, then for a dense G5 set of automorphisms of A we have that A x a Z is D-stable as well. This can be done by showing that for any given e > o and finite sets F c A, G c D, the set of automorphisms a such that there exists unital homomorphism p : D ^ A such that ||[p(x), a]|| < e for all x e G, a e F and furthermore Ha(p(x)) - p(x)|| < e for all x e G is a dense open set. We omit the proof.

4. Permanence of Finite Nuclear Dimension

In this section we show that forming a crossed product by an automorphism with finite Rokhlin dimension preserves finiteness of nuclear dimension.

Theorem 4.1. Let A be a separable unital C * -algebra of finite nuclear dimension and a e Aut(A) an automorphism with finite Rokhlin dimension. Then A xa Z has finite nuclear dimension with

dimnuc(A Xa Z) < 4(dimRok(a) + 1)(dimmc(A) +1) - 1

Proof. Denote the nuclear dimension of A by N and denote d = 2dimRok(a) + 1. By Proposition 2.8 and the subsequent remark, we have that dimRok (a) < d and furthermore the towers can all be chosen to be of the same height. (The fact that the towers can be chosen to be of the same height is not important for the proof, but simplifies notation a bit.) Let F c A xa Z be a given finite set. We need to construct a piecewise contractive c.p. approximation (F, which is [2(d + 1)(N + 1) - 1]-decomposable and of tolerance e on F.

Recall that A xa Z B(l2(Z, H)) is generated by a copy of A and a unitary u acting on l2(Z, H), cf. the appendix. We may and shall assume that F consists of contractions all lying in the algebraic crossed product, i.e. there exists q e N such that all elements of F are of the form x = Xq= x(i)ul, where x(i) e A are coefficients

uniquely determined by x. Let F c A be the finite set of all such coefficients of the elements in F. Let p e N be a positive integer (much) larger than q to be specified later. We shall furthermore require that p is even to slightly simplify notation.

Let Q be the projection onto the subspace l2({o,..., p - 1}, H) c l2(Z, H) so that x ^ QxQ is a u.c.p. map from A xa Z to Mp(A) indexed by o,..., p - 1. Define decay factors

dn = 1 -

|(p - i)/2 - n\ (p - 1)/2 '

n = 0,..., p - 1,

We observe that \^fdi-^Jd]\ ^ —^] .DefineD e Mp tobediag(do, di,dp-i). Define m : A x a Z ^ Mp (A) to be the c.p.c. map given by

n(x ) = VdqxqVd.

Notice that

||[VD, QaumQ]|| =

-J di -m )ei,i-m ® a 1 (a)

< max(|vd -Vd-n

liai <

2q p - 1

where a e A and \m\ <q .In fact these estimates hold for all bounded operator matrices x = [Xi, j] of width q (i.e. xi, j = 0 implies \i - j \< q). It follows that for \m\ < q

\\^(aum) - DQaumQ\\ < ' 2

Next let F1 := FU a 1 (F) U... U a p (F) and let (F, f, p) be a piecewise contractive N-decomposable c.p. approximation,

f : A ^ F = F(0) ®---®F{N)„

V : F = F(0) F(N) ^ A,

where p(i) = p\F() is an order zero contraction for every i and \\p(f(x)) - x\\ < e for all x e F1. Let f(i) denote the ith component of f and consider

f := idMp ® f : Mp(A) ^ Mp(F(0)) ®---® Mp(F(N)) = Mp(F)

Pp := idMp ® V : Mp (F) = Mp (F(0)) ®---® Mp (F(N)) ^ Mp (A)

with components f(i) = idMp ® f(i\ Pp(i) = idMp ® p(i). Then one checks that Pp(i) : Mp (F(i)) ^ Mp (A) are order zero contractions so that (f, Pp) is a piecewise contractive N-decomposable approximation for Mp (A) of tolerance p2e on Mp (F1).

Let now Bf be the closed unit ball in F (which is norm compact) and define the norm compact subset K = [Jp=0 U = a-j (p(i) (Bf)) of A.

Let (f(l))i =0,..,p-1 be single Rokhlin towers with respect to the given e and the compact set K (we note that one may obviously replace the finite set in the definition by a compact set). For j > p - 1 we understand j to mean f(l()modp). Define p0\ p^ : Mp (A) ^ A Xa Z by

p(l)(e (Q\ a) _ f (l)1/2uiau-j f (l)1/2 Jl)(e ?D,a) — ( f(l) ) 1/2 ui au-j ( f(l) ) 1/2

p0 (ei,j ®a) = fi u au 1 f j , p1 (ei,j ®a) =(fp/2+iy u au j(fp/2+jy ■

One checks that p(l) is approximately order zero i.e. denoting f(l) = Xi f(l) we have:

\\Po\ei, j ® a)p0)(ek,m ® b) - f {l)p^)((ei, j ® a)(ek,m ® b))\\ < cpe

for a constant c > 0 which depends only on e and for all a, b e K. The same applies for p^. This is easily verified by approximating the square root function by a polynomial vanishing at 0, and we omit the calculation. Similarly, we see that there is a constant c' such that

\\Po)(ei, j ® a) - f(l)uiau-j \\ < c'e for all a e F1, and a similar estimate holds for pf\

Let x = aum for \m\ < q, a e F. For m > 0 denote y = QxQ = Zp- ei,i-m ® a~l (a); the case m < 0 is handled analogously and we skip the details. Then we have

p()(Dy) + pf(Dy) = X dlf()1'2 ui a-i (a)um-i f^

+ Z di fp/2+iU a-i (a)um-i fP/2+i -m

i =m p-1

d, ( f(l> + fP%+i )aum

Now, notice that ^P— di ( f(> + fi'/>2+l ) = f(l>, and

i =0 ^yJi ^Jp/2+i-m-1

( f(l> + ff/2+i >

< 2 V di = q (q - 1> . (p—1)/2

It follows that ||p0l)(Dy) + p^iDy) - f (l)aum || < 2 pc's + fy--^, and therefore

Ilp0l) ◦ V(y) + p(} ◦ ) - f (l)aum || < 2pc's + +

Thus, given n > 0 we could first choose p large enough and then s > 0 small enough so that

||p0l) ◦ ix(aum) + pf ◦ ix(aum) - f(l }aum || < n for all a e F and all \m\ <q. Consider the maps

i: Mp (A) ^ 0 Mp (F) j =0

given by i (x) = i (x) © i (x) © ••• i (x) and

2d+1 2d+1

Mp (F) Mp (A)

j=0 j =0

given by Cp = 0^"O1 ¿p.

Now define p : ^l"1 Mp (A) ^ A x a Z by

d—1 1

p(Xo, Xi, ...,X2d+l) = XS Pk (X2 j+i > j =0 k=0

With a, m and n as above, we have that

p(^(aum), fi(aum),¡i(aum)) - ^ f

(l)aum

and therefore

\\p(^(aum), n(aum),[i(au)) - aum \\ < d n + e. To summarize, we constructed the following maps.

A xia Z

^ oc '

We notice that p() o Pp(i)\Mp^d)) is approximately order zero, i.e. for any a, b e

Mp (F(i)) of norm at most 1, we have that

) o Pp(i)(a)p() o Pp(i)(b) - f)p()(p(i)(1mpfO)))PP(i)(ab))\\ < cpe

By stability of order zero maps, given n > 0 one can choose e > 0 small enough so that for this choice of e, there exists a contractive order zero map Z : Mp(F(i)) ^ A xa Z

such that \\Z - pkj) o Pp(i) \\ < n. Putting together such approximating order zero maps Z for the various maps p^) op), we see that there is a (2(d +1)(N+1) -1)-decomposable map : Mp(F) ^ A Xa Z such that \\&- $\\ < 2(d + 1)(N + 1)n. One obtains that ©21+01 Mp (F) is a (2(d + 1)(N +1) - 1)-decomposable approximation for F to within Cn for some constant C which depends only on d and N. This shows that dimnuc(A xa Z) < 2(d + 1)(N + 1) - 1, as required. □ 5. Permanence of Z-Stability The purpose of this section is to show that if A is a unital separable Z-stable C*-algebra, then so is any crossed product by an automorphism which has finite Rokhlin dimension with commuting towers. As shown above, this property is generic and we do not know whether there is an automorphism which has finite Rokhlin dimension but without commuting towers. Our prefered criterion for Z-stability will be Proposition A.5 of the appendix. We begin with a simple preliminary lemma, whose proof is straightforward and left to the reader. Lemma 5.1. Let B be a C* -algebra. Suppose B is generated by a compact set Y c B. For any s > 0 and any compact subset F c B there is an s' > 0 which satisfies the following. For any C* -algebra A any automorphism a of A and any homomorphism n : B ^ A, if ||a(n(y)) - n(y)|| < s' for any y e Y then Ha(n(x)) - n(x)|| < s for any x e F. The following lemma is also easy to verify and we leave its proof to the reader. We denote by A+ the unitization of A such that A is a codimension 1 ideal in A+ (that is, if A is unital then A+ = A © C). Lemma 5.2. Let A, B be two C *-algebras. Let D be the kernel of the canonical map + ®max B+ ^ C, and let us denote by ia, ib the following homomorphisms. iA(a) = a ® 1 ib(b) = 1 ® b Then D has the following universal property. For any C *-algebra E and any two homomorphisms ya : A ^ E, yb : B ^ E with commuting images there is a unique homomorphism 0 : D ^ E such that the following diagram commutes. Lemma 5.3. Let D(k) = ker ((CM+)®k ^ C). For any positive contractionh e Z (D^) = C0([0, 1]k \ {(0, 0,..., 0)}) there exists an order zero map 0 : Mn ^ D^ such that 0(1)(x) = h(x) for all x e [0, 1]k. Proof. For t e [0, l], let Mn C ■ l ç Mn t > 0 t=0 For t = (t1,..., tk) e [0, 1]k, we let Ef = Et1 ® Et2 ® ... ® Etk We observe that Df = {f e C0([0, 1]k \ {(0, 0,..., 0)}, Mfk) \ f (t) e E?} It is easy to construct a unital homomorphism n : Mn ^ M (D^), and it is readily seen that 0(x)(t) = h(t) ■ 0(x)(t) satisfies the desired properties. □ The following is a simple modification of Lemma 2.4 from [8]. While that lemma can be generalized to actions of non-discrete groups in a straightforward way (as was done in [8]), we state it here just for actions of discrete groups to avoid notation which we do not need in this paper. It should be pointed out that our argument is essentially the same as that of [19, Theorem 4.9]. We reproduce the full proof here for the convenience of the reader. We denote A« = ¿«(N, A)/c0(N, A), with A embedded as the subalgebra of constant sequences in A«,. We use a similar idea to one which was used in Proposition 2.2 from [30]. If a : G ^ Aut(A) is an action then we have naturally induced actions of G on A« and A« n A'. We denote those actions by a. Lemma 5.4. Let A, B be a unital separable C*-algebras. Let Gbea discrete countable group with an action a : G ^ Aut(A). Suppose that Bn is a sequence of unital nuclear subalgebras (with a common unit) of B with dense union. Suppose that for any n, any finite subset F c Bn, any e > 0 and any finite set G0 c G there is a unital homomorphism y : Bn ^ A« n A' such that \\ag(Y(a)) - Y(a)\\ <e for all a e F and all g e G0, then there is a unital homomorphism from B into the fixed point subalgebra of A« n A'. If Bn is finitely generated, then it suffices to check this for a generating set F. If B is furthermore strongly-self absorbing then it follows that the maximal (hence any) crossed product absorbs B tensorially. Proof. To verify the properties of Lemma 2.4 from [8], it suffices to show that for any finite set F c B, any finite subset G0 c G and any e > 0 there is a unital c.p. map p : B ^ A« n A' such that (1) \\ag(p(b)) - p(b)\\ < e for all g e G0, b e F. (2) \\p(x)p(y) - p(xy) \\ < e for all x, y e F. Doing a small perturbation of the elements of F if need be, we may assume without loss of generality that F c Bn for a sufficiently large n, and that all the elements of F have norm at most 1, and that 1 e F (so that F • F 2 F—this is just for notational convenience). Fix such an n. Since Bn is nuclear, one can find a finite dimensional algebra E and unital c.p. maps f 0 Bn-> E-Bn such that \\0 o f(x) - x\\ < e/6 for all x e F • F. It follows that \\0 o f(x) • 0 o f(y) - 0 o f(xy)\\ < e/2 for all x, y e F. By the Arveson extension theorem, we can extend f to a unital c.p. map f : B ^ E. Choose a homomorphism y as in the statement of the lemma, with e/2 instead of e. Define pp = y o 0 o f and satisfies the required conditions. It is straightforward to check that if one can find such a for a generating set then one could find it for any other finite set. If B is strongly self-absorbing then the fact that A xa G absorbs B tensorially now follows from the results in [8]. □ The previous lemma, together with the characterization of prime dimension drop algebras from [26] immediately gives the following; cf. [19, Theorem 4.9]. Corollary 5.5. Let A be a unital separable C* -algebra. Let G be a discrete countable group with an action a : G ^ Aut( A). Suppose that for any positive integer n, any e > 0 and any finite subset G0 c G there are order zero maps 0 : Mn ^ A« n A', n : Mn+i ^ A« n A' with commuting ranges such that 0(1) + n(1) = 1 and such that \\ag(0(x)) - 0(x)\\ < e \\<ag(n(x)) - n(x)\\ < e for any x in the unit ball of Mn or Mn+\, respectively, and any g e G0, then A xa G is Z-stable. Remark 5.6. In the previous lemma and corollary, if G is generated by a subset Y then it is sufficient to consider finite subsets G 0 c Y rather than all finite subsets in G .In particular, for actions of Z we will consider a single generator. Lemma 5.7. Let A be a unital separable C*-algebra. Let G be a discrete countable group with an action a : G ^ Aut(A). Let d be a non-negative integer. Suppose that for any positive integer n, any e > 0 and any finite subset G0 c G there are order zero maps 00..,0d : Mn ^ A« n A', no,---,nd : Mn+\ ^ A« n A' with commuting ranges such that for allg e G 0, k = 0, 1,..., d and all x in the unit ball ofMn or Mn+\ respectively we have that a (0k (x)) - 0k (x)\\ < e, a (nk(x)) - nk(x)\\ < e (D + nk (1) = 1 then A xa G is Z-stable. Proof. Let vid+1), Dd^ be as in Lemma 5.3. Denote by Zj '■ CMn ^ vnd+1) the j 'th coordinate embedding map Z j (x) = 1 ® 1 ® x ® ... ® 1 Let ß ■ Mn ^ CMn be the canonical order zero map given by ß(a)(t) = t ■ a, a e Mn, t e[0, 1] Denote h = Xdk=0 Zk (P(1)). Note that h is a strictly positive element of the center of vl+1). Denote by M1 the closed unit ball of Mn, and set Y = J Zk(в(Ml)) k=0 Notice that Y is compact and generates Vld+1). Use Lemma 5.3 to find an order zero map д : Mn ^ Vl+1) such that д(1) = h. (Lemma 5.3 was only formulated for contractions, which h is not - but we can simply replace h by ||h ||-1 h, then apply the lemma, and multiply the resulting order zero map by ||h||.) Denote F = ix(Mln). We repeat the same procedure for Vh^, denoting the resulting maps, sets and elements by Zj , h', YД and F Choose e' as in Lemma 5.1 with respect to the compact set of generators Y and the compact set F and with respect to the compact set of generators Y' and the compact set F' (take the least of the two). Let п : V{nd+1) ^ П A be the unique homomorphism which satisfies that п о Zk ◦ в = вк for k = 0, 1,... d. Notice that r(h) = ^ ek (i) [and that n(h) in fact is a contraction]. We have then that п о / : Mn ^ A,, П A' is an order zero map, that п о /г(1) = ^ п о Zk о ß(1) к=0 and that for any x e M1 and any g e G0 we have ||äg(п о /(x)) — п о /(x) У < е We similarly obtain a homomorphism п': vdT ^ A, П A' whose range commutes with that of п, such that r'(h') = X Пк (1) and such that n' o / satisfies the analogous properties to that of n o Thus, n o/(1) + n' o /(1) = 1, and those two order zero maps satisfy the conditions of Corollary 5.5. Therefore A xa G is Z-stable, as required. □ The main theorem of this section is a partial generalization of Theorem 4.4 from [8] (that theorem is for the Rokhlin property, but it applies to absorption of general strongly self-absorbing C*-algebras and not just the Jiang-Su algebra). For the proof, we shall implicitly use the following immediate observation: by choosing a sequence of Rokhlin tower elements, one can view them as sitting in the central sequence algebra A<^ n A', in which case the approximate properties in the definition of Rokhlin dimension hold exactly. The reason why we have to assume the Rokhlin property with commuting towers is that we want to use Lemma 5.7, which in turn relies on Corollary 5.5. The latter required us to produce almost central and almost invariant copies of prime dimension drop intervals, which in turn are given by pairs of commuting cones over Mn and Mn+i, respectively. Lemma 5.7 then showed that instead of finding pairs of such matrix cones it is in fact enough to find larger ensembles of mutually commuting matrix cones, as long as they add up to the identity in a suitable way. Theorem 5.8. Let A be a separable unital Z-stable C* -algebra, and let a be an automorphism of A with dimRok (a) = d < <x>, then the crossed product A x a Z is Z-stable as well. Proof. We establish that the conditions of Lemma 5.7 hold. Let r be a given positive integer. Fix two order zero maps 0 ■ Mr ^ Z,n ■ Mr+1 ^ Z with commuting ranges such that 0(1) + n(1) = 1. Let K be the union of the images of the unit balls of Mr, Mr+1 under those maps. We define unital homomorphisms i0,...,id, ß0,...,ßd : as follows. First fix i0 ■ Z ^ A. n A'. Proceeding inductively, we choose ik ■ Z ^ A.. n A! such that its image furthermore commutes with aj (ii (Z)) for all j e Z and i < k (this can be done by Lemma 4.5 of [8]). We define M0,...,Md in a similar way, such that the image of Mk commutes with aj (n (Z)) for all j e Z and i < k as well as aj (ii (Z)) for all j e Z and all i = 0, 1,...,d. Let Bk ■= c* M(Z) u aj (Ik(Z))) note that Bk = Bk ® Z, and that the elements of Bk commute with those of Bm for k = m. Choose a unitary w e U (Z ® Z) such that \\w(x ® 1)w* - 1 ® xII < - for all x e K. Notice that the unitary group of the Jiang-Su algebra is connected. Thus, w can be connected to 1 via a rectifiable path. Let L be the length of such a path. Choose n such that L\\x\\/n < e/8 for all x e F. Define homomorphisms pk,p'k ■ Z ® Z ^ Bk k = 0, 1,...,d Pk(x ® y) = ik(x)Mk(y), Pk(x ® y) = n(ik(x))Mk(y)■ Pick unitaries 1 = w0, w1, ...,wn = w e U0 (Z ® Z) such that \\wj - wj+i|| < L / n for j = 0,...,n - 1. Now, for k = 0,...,d, let u(p = Pk (w j )*p'k (w j ) Note that \i»r - jii< 2L for j = 0,...,n - 1, that u0 = 1, and that lu(nk)an(Ik(x))uk* - Ik(x)\\ < 2 for all x e K. Similarly, we choose unitaries 1 = v0k), vf\ ..., v(tk+)1 e Bk such that \\vk - \\< 2L v j v j+1\< n + 1 for j = 0,...,n and nV^a n+1(ik (x »v«*- ik (x )| < 2 for all x e K. Let {f(0,..., f<£-1, f(% ..., f,„ \ l = 0,...,d} e A«nA' commuting Rokhlin elements in A«, n A' which furthermore commute with B0, B1,...,Bd. Now, set 0k (x) = £ f(k)aj -n (uf)aj (ik o 0 (x ))aj -n (uf *) j =0 n + Z f(k)aj -n (vf)aj (ik o 0 (x))aj -n (v(k) *) j =0 n — 1 nk (x) = X fokjä}-n (uf)äj (ik ◦ n(x ))aj-n (uf) *) j =0 n + Z j -n (vf)aj (ik ◦ n(x ))aj -n (vf *). j =0 We can check that \\0i(0k(x)) - Ok(x)\\ < e \\a(nk(x)) - nk(x)\\ < e for all x in the unit balls of Mr, Mr+1, respectively. Furthermore, n—1 n °k (1) + nk (1) = £ f(k) + £ f?) j=0 j=0 Therefore those maps satisfy the conditions of Lemma 5.7. □ We can also obtain in a similar way the analogous result for actions of finite groups with finite Rokhlin dimension and commuting towers. Theorem 5.9. Let A be a separable unital Z-stable C *-algebra, let G be a finite group and let a : G ^ Aut (A) be an action with Rokhlin dimension d < (x>, such that furthermore the Rokhlin elements from Definition 1.1 can be chosen to commute with each other. Then the crossed product A xa G is Z-stable as well. Proof. The proof is a simpler version of the proof of Theorem 5.8—here we do not need the choice of correcting unitaries. We again establish that the conditions of Lemma 5.7 hold, and we start in a similar way. Let r be a given positive integer. Fix two order zero maps 0 : Mr ^ Z,n : Mr+1 ^ Z with commuting ranges such that 0(1) + n(1) = 1. We define unital homomorphisms i0,...,id : Z ^ A<^ n A' as follows. First fix i0 : Z ^ A<^ n A'. Proceeding inductively, we choose ik : Z ^ A<^ n A' such that its image furthermore commutes with ag (ti (Z)) for all g e G and i < k. Let Bk := C* (UgeG ag (Ik(Z) ; note that the elements of Bk commute with those of Bm for k = m. Let ( fgl)) c Aco n A' be Rokhlin elements, and as in the statement of Vs / l=0,...,d; geG the theorem we assume that they all commute with each other, and which are furthermore chosen to commute with B0, B1,..., Bd. Define 0k(X) = fg ]ag(Ik ◦ 0(x)), nk(X) = fgk)ag(Ik ◦ n(x)). geG geG One checks that the images of those maps are fixed by the action of G on A<^ n A', and satisfy the conditions of Corollary 5.5. □ 6. Topological Dynamics In the initial version of this paper we showed that minimal homeomorphisms on finite dimensional compact metrizable spaces always have finite Rokhlin dimension: Theorem 6.1. Let (T, h) be a minimal dynamical system with T compact and metrizable; suppose that dim T < n < œ and let a be the induced action on C(T). Then, dimRok(C(T),a) < 2n +1. The proof relied on a detailed analysis of the representation theory of certain large orbit breaking subalgebras of the transformation group C*-algebra. After the paper appeared on the arXiv, Szabo in [29] generalized this to the case of aperiodic homeo-morphisms. In fact, with essentially the same methods, he could push the result even to free and aperiodic Zd-actions. Szabo's proof—although by no means trivial—is somewhat easier and also more conceptual than our original argument, which we therefore have removed from this version (even though at least it has the slight advantage over Szabo's proof that it provides particularly nice and fairly explicit approximations of large orbit breaking subalgebras of the crossed product). However, the reader might find the following short and direct direct proof of the fact that irrational rotations have Rokhlin dimension 1 instructive. Theorem 6.2. Let a be the irrational rotation by 0 on C(T), then dimRok(a) = 1. Remark 6.3. It follows immediately that if (X, h) is a dynamical system which has an irrational rotation as a factor, that is there is a commuting diagram then dimRok(C(X), a) < 1 as well. Proof of Theorem 6.2. Given a prime number p and e > 0, we will exhibit positive {fi, gi}i=0,1,...,p-1 such that (1) \\a( fj ) - f j+1 (mod) p ||, 11 a (g j ) - gj+1 (mod) p II <e (2) The f j's are pairwise orthogonal and the gj's are pairwise orthogonal. (3) fo + f1 + ••• + fp-1 + go + g1 + ••• + gp-1 = 1 and that shows that a has Rokhlin dimension 1 with single towers. We note that since C(T) has no nontrivial projections, a clearly cannot have Rokhlin dimension 0. We first recall some basic facts about continued fractions (see [28], Chapter 1). If t is an irrational number and if mj /nj is the sequence of approximants for t, then |t - mmj | < -2 for all j. Furthermore, the mj's satisfy a recursive formula of the form mj+i = ajmj + mj_i. It follows by induction that gcd(mj, mj+i) = gcd(m0, mi) = 1, and thus any two successive m j 's are coprime. In particular, given a prime number p and an irrational number t, there are infinitely many integers m, n such that p | m and it - mi < n2. Fix a prime number p. We have infinitely many coprime numbers m, n such that ip0 - n i < and p / m, i.e. |0 - m i < ¿2 and (m, pn) = 1. Identifying the circle with the reals mod 1, we set f0 (x) = 2npx if 0 < x < 2np 2 - 2npx if 2np < x < n-p 0 if ITp < x < 1 and we set g0(x) = f0(x - 1/2np). Let y( f) = f (x - m/np) (rational rotation by m/np). Notice that y is np-periodic (and does not have a smaller period). Set fj (x) = Yj (fo), gj (x) = y j (g0) for j = 1, 2,...,np - 1. One easily verifies that f0 + fi + ••• + fnp-i + go + gi + ••• + gnp-i = i and that fjfk = gjgk = 0 for j = k. Notice furthermore that each fj and gj are Lipschitz with Lipschitz constant 2np. For j = 0, i,..., p - i, set n — 1 n — 1 f j = X fkp+j, gj = X gkp+J Notice that again, the f j's are pairwise orthogonal, the gj's are pairwise orthogonal, we have fo + fi + ••• + f p—1 + go + gi + ••• + gp—1 = 1, those functions all have Lipschitz constant 2np, and Y(f j ) = fj+1 (mod) p, Y(gj ) = gj+1 (mod) p Now, we note that for all x we have Y(f j )(x ) — a( f j )(x ) ix — m) pn fj\x — — — f J (x—0) < 2np ■ 0-- 2np pn2 and the same estimate holds for the gj's. By choosing n sufficiently large, we have the required almost-permutation estimate. The other requirements in the definition of Rokhlin dimension 1 are immediate. (And clearly, no action on a connected space can have Rokhlin dimension 0.) □ Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. Appendix: Crossed Products, Nuclear Dimension and Z-Stability Notation A.1. To fix notation we recall the construction of the reduced crossed product. Let G be a discrete group, A B(H) a C*-algebra acting faithfully on the Hilbert space H and a : G ^ Aut(A) an action of G on A. Define n : A ^ B(£2(G) ® H) by n(a)(eg ® %) = eg ® ag-i (a ^h(eg ® %) = ehg ® where g, h e G, a e A and % e H. Then Xgn(a) = n(ag(a))lg i.e. (n,X) is a covariant representation. The reduced crossed product A xa,r G is the C*-subalgebra of B(l2(G) ® H) generated by [n(a)Xg | a e A, g e G}. This algebra does not depend on the choice of the faithful representation of A. The groups we consider in this paper are either finite or equal to Z, hence amenable. For amenable groups the reduced crossed product A ^a,r G coincides with the universal crossed product A ^a G. Using matrix units, n(a) can also be written as n(a) = Z eg,g ® ag-i (a) n(a)Xh = ^ eg h-1 g ® ag-1 (a). geG Thus if G is finite with n elements then we may regard A x a G as a subalgebra of Mn (A) in a natural way and if G = Z we will regard A xa Z as a subalgebra of B(l2(Z) ® H). We will usually drop n from the notation and denote Xg by ug. We recall that a c.p. contraction y : A ^ B is said to be an order zero map if whenever x, y are positive elements in A such that xy = 0 then y(x)y(y) = 0. Order zero maps play a central role in the definition of decomposition rank and nuclear dimension which we recall for the reader's convenience. (Cf. [15,35].) Definition A.2. Let A be a C*-algebra, F a finite-dimensional C*-algebra and n e N. (1) A c.p. map y : F ^ A is n-decomposable if there is a decomposition F = F(0) ©•••© F(n) such that the restriction y(l) of y to F() has order zero for each i e{0,..., n}. (2) A has decomposition rank n, drA = n,ifn is the least integer such that the following holds: For any finite subset F c A and e > 0, there is a finite-dimensional c.p.c. approximation (F, ty, y) for F with tolerance e (i.e., F is finite-dimensional, ty : A ^ F and y : F ^ A are c.p.c. and \\yty(b) - b\\ < e Vb e F) such that y is n-decomposable. If no such n exists, we write drA = to. (3) A has nuclear dimension n, dimnuc A = n, if n is the least integer such that the following holds: For any finite subset F c A and e > 0, there is a finite-dimensional c.p. approximation (F, ty, y) for F to within e (i.e., F is finite-dimensional, ty : A ^ F and y : F ^ A are c.p. and \\yty(b) - b\\ < e Vb e F) such that ty is c.p.c., and y is n-decomposable with c.p.c. order zero components y(\ If no such n exists, we write dimnuc A = to. Note that in (3) we may assume y o ty to be contractive by [35, Remark 2.2(iv)]. Definition A.3. Let F be a finite dimensional C*-algebra. Let A be a C*-algebra, and let 8 > 0. A c.p. contraction y : F ^ A is a 5-order zero map if for any positive contractions x, y e F such that xy = 0 we have that \\y(x)y(y)\\ < 8. We recall that order zero maps from finite dimensional C * -algebras have the following stability property [15, Proposition 2.5]. Let F be a finite dimensional C* -algebra, then for any e > 0 there is a 8 > 0 (depending on F and e) such that if A is any C*-algebra and y : F ^ A is a 8-order zero map then there is an order zero map y' : F ^ A such that \\y - y'\\ < e. Using this, we easily obtain the following technical Lemma. Lemma A.4. Let A be a C * -algebra. A has nuclear dimension at most n if and only if for any finite set F c A and any e > 0 there exists a finite dimensional C*-algebra F = F©•••© F(n) such that for any 8 > 0 there exist c.p. maps ty : A ^ F,y : F ^ A such that ty is contractive, \\y o ty(a) - a \\ < e for all a e F and yi^a) is a c.p.c. 8-orderzero map for any j = 0, 1,...,n. A has decomposition rank at most n if the same holds where furthermore y is assumed to be a contraction. Recall from [i2,30] that the Jiang-Su algebra Z can be written as an inductive limit of prime dimension drop intervals of the form Zp,p+i = {f e C([0, i], Mp ® Mp+i) I f (0) e Mp ® i, f (i) e i ® Mp+i} and that a separable unital C*-algebra A is Z-stable if and only if it admits almost central unital embeddings of Zp,p+i for some p > 2. With the aid of [26] one can give the following useful alternative formulation, cf. [32]. Proposition A.5. Let A be a separable unital C *-algebra. A is Z-stable if and only if for some p > 2 there are c.p.c. order zero maps satisfying$ : Mp ^ n A' and ^ : M2 ^ n A

^(eii) = ia„ - $(imp)$(eii)W(e22) = W(e22)\$(eii) = ^(e22).

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Communicated by Y. Kawahigashi