# Generalized vector equilibrium problem with pseudomonotone mappingsAcademic research paper on "Mathematics"

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## Abstract of research paper on Mathematics, author of scientific article — Suhel Ahmad Khan

Abstract In this paper, we consider different types of pseudomonotone set-valued mappings and establish some connections between these pseudomonotone mappings. Further, by using these pseudomonotone mappings, we establish some existence results for generalized vector equilibrium problem.

## Academic research paper on topic "Generalized vector equilibrium problem with pseudomonotone mappings"

﻿Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society (2015) xxx, xxx-xxx

Egyptian Mathematical Society Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society

www.etms-eg.org www.elsevier.com/locate/joems

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Generalized vector equilibrium problem with pseudomonotone mappings

Department of Mathematics, BITS-Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai 345055, United Arab Emirates Received 3 May 2014; revised 28 June 2014; accepted 8 July 2014

KEYWORDS

Pseudomonotonicity; KKM mapping; Hemicontinuous mapping

Abstract In this paper, we consider different types of pseudomonotone set-valued mappings and establish some connections between these pseudomonotone mappings. Further, by using these pseudomonotone mappings, we establish some existence results for generalized vector equilibrium problem.

2000 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION: 47H06; 47H09; 49J40; 90C33

© 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Mathematical Society.

1. Introduction and preliminaries

Let K be a nonempty subset of a real topological vector space X and let a bifunction defined as f: K x K ! R with f(x, x) — 0 for all x 2 K. The equilibrium problem studied by Blum and Oettli [1], deals with the existence of x 2 K such that f(x, y) P 0 for all y 2 K. The vector equilibrium problem is obtained by considering the bifunction f with values in an ordered topological vector space. Most of the work on existence of solutions for equilibrium problems are based on generalized monotonicity, which represents some algebraic properties assumed on the bifunction f and their extension to the vector case, see, for example, [2-4]. In recent years, a number of authors have proposed many

Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Mathematical Society.

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important generalizations of monotonicity such as pseudomonotonicity, relaxed monotonicity which play an important role in certain applications of mathematical programming as well as in economic theory, see for example, [5-11] and references therein. One type of pseudomonotone operators was introduced by Karamardian [7] in 1976 in the single-valued case. This pseudomonotonicity notion is sometimes called algebraic, in order to avoid confusion with the one introduced by Brezis [12] in 1968. Even for real-valued functions, it is clear that these two pseudomonotonicity concepts are different.

Let X, Y be Hausdorff topological vector spaces; let K c X be a nonempty closed convex set and l et P : K ! 2Y be a set-valued mapping such that P is closed and convex cone (i.e., if kP c P, for all k > 0 and P + P c P) with int P-0. Let / : X x Y! Y be a bifunction such that supf2T(x)/ (x, f) R —int P. In this paper we consider the following generalized vector equilibrium problem (for short, GVEP): Find x 2 K such that

sup/(y,f) R —int P, 8 y 2 K. (1.1)

f2T(x)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jjoems.2014.07.001

1110-256X © 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Mathematical Society.

S.A. Khan

In this paper we consider different types of pseudomonotone set-valued mappings in a very general setting and establish some connections between these pseudomonotone mappings. Further, we prove Minty's Lemma. By using Minty's Lemma and KKM theorem, we establish some existence theorems for generalized vector equilibrium problems. The concepts and results presented in this paper improve and extend the many existence results given in [5,6,8,13].

We recall some concepts and results which are needed in sequel.

Definition 1.1. A mapping f: K x K ! Y is called hemicon-tinuous, if for any x,y, z 2 K, t 2(0,1), the mapping t ! fx + t(y — x)), z) is continuous at 0+.

Definition 1.2. A mapping T : K ! 2Y is said to be upper semi-continuous on the segments of K if the mapping t ! T((1 — t)x + ty) is upper semicontinuous at 0, for every

x, y 2 K.

Definition 1.3. A mapping F: K ! Y is said to be P-convex, if for any x,y 2 K and k 2 [0,1],

F(kx +(1 — k)y) 2 kF(x) + (1 — k)F(y) — P.

Lemma 1.1. Let (Y, P) be an ordered topological vector space with a closed and convex cone P with int P— 0. Then for all x, y, z 2 Y, we have

(i) y — z 2 —int P and y R —intP ) z R —int P;

(ii) y — z 2 —P and y R —int P ) z R —int P.

Definition 1.4. Let B be a convex compact subset of K. A mapping / : K x K ! Y is said to be coercive with respect to B, if there exits x0 2 B such that

sup /(y,f) 2 —int P.

f2T(x0)

(i) A-pseudomonotone, if for every x,y 2 K,

sup /(y,f) R —int P implies sup /(x,g) R int P;

feT(x) geT(y)

(ii) B-pseudomonotone, if for every x 2 K and for every net fx,-} c K, with xt ! x

liminf sup /(x,f) R —int P

i feT(xt)

implies that for every y 2 K there exists f(y) 2 T(x) such that

limsup /(y,f) — /(y,f(y)) R int P;

(iii) C-pseudomonotone, if x,y 2 K and fx,-} c K, with xt ! x,

sup /((1 — t)y + txf) R —int P, for all t e[0,1], for all i21

f2T(x,)

implies supfgT(x) /(y,f) R —int P.

Now, we establish some results among above defined pseudomonotone mappings.

Proposition 2.1. Let X, Y be a topological vector space. Let K c X be a nonempty closed convex subset of X. Let T : K ! 2y be a set-valued mapping. Let U : X x Y ! Y is A-pseudomonotone, upper semicontinuous and P-convex in first argument, also graph Y \f—int P} is closed, then / is C-pseudomonotone.

Proof. For each y 2 K, define set-valued mapping F, G : K ! 2K by

F(y) :— fx 2 K : sup /(y,f) R —int P}, 8 y 2 K.

f2T(x)

G(y) :— fx 2 K : sup /(x, g) R int P}, 8 y 2 K.

g2T(y)

In order to prove the C-pseudomonotonicity of /, we have to show that for each line segment L, we have

Definition 1.5. A mapping / : K x K ! Y is said to be affine in first argument if for any xt 2 K and kt P 0, (1 6 i 6 n), with lk = 1 and any y 2 K,

/ n \ n

/[^kxi, y = k/(x„ y). \ i=1 ) i=1

Theorem 1.1 [14]. Let E be a topological vector space; K be a nonempty subset of E and let G : K ! 2E be a KKM mapping such that G(x) is closed for each x 2 K and is compact for at least one x 2 K, then f]xeKG(x) — 0.

2. Existence results for generalized equilibrium problem

Now we will give the following concepts and results which are used in the sequel.

n F(y)n L C p| G(y)\ L C p| G(y)\ L

yeKnL yeKnL yeKnL

= n F(y)n L

The first inclusion is directly followed by A-pseudomonto-nicity of /.

Next, we prove the second inclusion. Let

x 2 fly2KnLG(y)n L and xa ! x such that xa ^y2KnLG(y). Hence supg2T(y)/(xa, g) R int P. Since / is upper semicontinuous in first argument and Y \{int Pg is closed, preceding inclusion implies that supg2T(y)/(x,g) R int P, that is x 2 n,2«uG(y)n L.

Next, we define the family of sets to characterize the C-pseudomonotone mappings.

Let for each z 2 K,

Definition 2.1. The mapping / : X x Y ! Y with respect to T, where T: K ! 2Y, is said to be

Q(z) = {x 2 K : sup /(z,f) R -int Pg. □

feT(x)

Generalized vector equilibrium problem with pseudomonotone mappings

Proposition 2.2. The mapping / : X x Y ! Y is C-pseudo-monotone and affine in the first argument if and only if, for every x , y 2 K,

cl( \ e(z))n[x,y]=( \ e(z)W,y],

Ve[x,y] / \ze[x,y] )

Proof. It is obvious that

\ Q(z)j n[x,y]ccl( \ ß(z))n[x,y].

2[x,y] / \ze[x,y] )

Next, it is enough to prove that, for all

ye K, x e d( rUMQ(z)) implies x 2 nze|x,y]ß(z)- Let x 2

cl^2£[xy]ß(z)), then there exists a net {x,},xt e

cl(r~lze|xy]Q(z)) with xt ! x. From the definition of set Q(z), it means that xt e K and supyer(x.)/((1 — t)y + tx,f) R —int P, for all t e[0 , 1], for all i e I and from D-pseudomonotonicity we get,

sup /(y , f) R —int P.

feT(x)

Since / is affine in first argument, it follows from

supfeT(x)/(x,f) R —int P, that supfeT(x)/((1 — t)y + tx,f) R

—int P that is x e f|te|o ,i]Q((1 — t)y + tx) or x e pumq^).

Conversely, let x ,y e K, {x,} c K with x, ! x and

supfeT(x.)/((1 — t)y + tx,f) R —int P, for all t e [0 , 1], for all i 2 I. i

This means that x, e f\e[xy]Q(z), so that x e cl (nze[x,y]Q(z^n[x,y]^nzeMQ(z^n[x,y]. We get x e Q((1 — t)y + tx) for every t e[0 , 1]. In particular, for t — 0, x 2 Q(y), which implies

sup /(y , f) R —int P. □

feT(x)

Remark 2.1. Converse part of above proposition can also be assumed P-convexity instead of affineness.

First, we prove following Minty's type Lemma.

Lemma 2.1. Let X , Y be topological space and let K c X be nonempty closed convex subset of X. Let T: K ! 2Y be a set-valued mapping. Let / : X x Y ! Y be A-pseudomonotone and hemicontinuous in second argument and P-convex in first argument, then following two problems are equivalent:

(i) Find x e K such that supfeT(x)/(y ,f) R —int P, for all y e K.

(ii) Find x e K such that supgeT(y)/(x ,g) R int P, for all y 2 K .

Proof. By A-pseudomonotonicity of /, it is obvious that problem (i) implies problem (ii). Suppose x is not a solution of problem (i). Then there exists y e K such that,

Let xa := x + a(y — x) 2 K as K is convex, for all a 2 [0 , 1].

For any a 2 [0 , 1], define a mapping H : [0 , 1] ! 2Y such that

H(a) = { sup /(y ,f)g,

f=T(x„)

By inclusion (2.1), H(0) C —int P. By hemicontinuity, there exists â 2(0 , 1], such that for any a 2(0 , â),

supf*6T(x„)/(y ,f1) 2 —int P.

By the P-convexity of /, we have for any f1 2 T(xa),

/(x. ,f) = /(ay +(1 — a)x , f)

2 a/(y,f ) + (1 — a)/(x, f )— P Therefore, we get

sup /(xa ,f)2a sup /(y ,f) + (1 — a) sup /(x ,f)— P

f 2 T(x. ) f*2T(x,) feT(x a)

sup /(xa , f) — (1 — a) sup /(x ,f ) 2 a sup /(y ,f ) — P

f er(x„) f 2 r(x„)

e -int P- Pc -int P.

f 2T(x)

Since supfreT(^)/(xa , f) R —int P, above inclusion implies that supfr2T(x)/(x ,f) R —int P, which is contradiction to our assumption (ii). Hence (i) is equivalent to problem (ii).

We prove following existence theorem. □

Theorem 2.1. Let K c X be a nonempty closed convex subset of X. Let / : X x Y ! Y be A-pseudomonotone, hemicontinuous in the second argument with respect to T, where T : K ! 2Y is set-valued mapping and P-convex in first argument, coercive with respect to the compact subset B c K. If for each x 2 K, / is upper semicontinuous in first argument of B and graph of Y \{—int Pg is closed with respect to B. Then GVEP (1.1) has a solution.

Proof. For each y 2 K, define set-valued mapping F,G : K ! 2K by

F(x) :— fx 2 K: sup/(y,f) R —int Pg

f2T(x)

G(x) :— fx 2 K : sup /(x,g) R int Pg , for all y 2 K.

g2T(y)

First, we claim that F is a KKM mapping. Indeed, let fx!,... ,xng be a finite subsets of K and suppose x 2 convfxi,... ,x„g be arbitrary. Then x — Xj=ik/x/, kj P 0

and XXik = 1. Suppose, if possible x = Xj=ik/x/ R U F(x,),

sup /(y , f) 2 -int P.

f2T(x)

then supf2T(x)/(xj,f) 2 —int P, for every j — 1,..., n.

Since / is P-convex in first argument, for a fixed f 2 T(x), we have

sup /(x , f) = sup/(J2 kx ;f) 2Y] kj sup /(xj ;f)- P

f2T(x) f2T(x) j=1 j=1

e -int P- P# - int P

S.A. Khan

which is contradiction to our assumption supyer(X)(x,f R

—int P. Thus x = YTn=\kjXj ^U F(xj), that is conv{x1;

•••>Xng ^ LjLiF(xj).

Hence the mapping F : K ! 2K, defined by F(x) — F(x), the closure of F(x), is also KKM mapping. The coercivity of / with respect to B implies that F(x0) C B. Hence F(x0) is compact. Thus, by Theorem 1.1, it follows that p|x2KF(x)—0.

Next, we claim that

f>(x) c G(X),

for all X 2 K.

Indeed, let x 2 p|x2KF(x). Since p|x2KF(x) C B (see [13]), then x 2 p|xeKF(x)n B, for all x 2 K. Let X 2 K be arbitrary, there exists a net {xa} in F(x) such that xa ! x 2 B, that is

sup /(y,f) R —int P,

f2T(xa )

which implies, using A-pseudomonotonicity of / sup /(xa,g) R int P.

g2T(y)

Since for each x 2 K, the graph of Y \{—int P} is closed, clearly the graph of Y \{int P} is also closed.

Since / is upper semicontinuous in first argument, then preceeding inclusion implies that supg2T(y)/(x,g) R int P, that

is x 2 F(x), for all x 2 K.

Hence p|xeKF(x) C p|xeKG(x) C B. Finally, using Lemma 2.1, we get P^x) = Px^x). Thus p^(x)-;, that is, there exists x 2 K such that supf2T(x)/(y,f) R —int P.

This completes the proof. □

Now we give some condition in which GVEP (1.1) has at least one solution. We will use following result which is a generalization of the Ky Fan's Lemma.

Lemma 2.2 [15]. Let E be a topological vector space, M C E, F: M ! 2e such that

(i) cl F (x0) is compact for x0 2 M;

(ii) for every X1,X2,...,Xn 2M,conv{x1,X2,...,Xng^UiLiF(xi);

(iii) for each x 2 M, the intersection of F(x) with any finite dimensional subspace of E is closed;

(iv) for every line segment L of M;

cl( H F(x))n L — ( H F(x) j n L

\xeMГlL ) \xeMГ\L )

Theorem 2.2. Let K C X be a nonempty, closed convex subset of X and T: K ! 2Y be a set-valued mapping and let / : Xx Y ! Y be a mapping with condition sup^^/^f 2 —int P. Suppose that

(a) / is C-pseudomonotone with respect to T;

(b) there exists a compact subset B C X and zo 2 K such that supf2T(x)/(z0, f) 2 —int P, for every x 2 K \ B;

(c) for every finite dimensional subspace Z of X, / is upper semicontinuous and hemicontinuous in second argument with respect to T;

(d) / is P-convex in first argument and T(x) is compact for every x 2 K such that Y \{-int P} is closed.

Then GVEP (1.1) has at least one solution.

Proof. Let F(z) — fx 2 K : supf2T(x)/ hypothesis of Lemma 2.2. □

(z,f)g, we check the

(i) We have that F(z0) C B (if there exists x 2 F(z0) and x R B then supf2T(x)/(z, f) R —int P and x 2 K \ B, which is a contradiction.)Therefore clF(zo) C B, and B being compact, clF(z0) is compact.

(ii) Assume that x1,..., xn 2 K. Now let us consider on contrary that there exists k1, k2,..., kn P 0, with Xj=1k/ = 1 such that X = YTn=1kjXj R F(x;), for every i = 1,..., n, which means that

sup /(x,-,f) 2 —int P, for every i — 1,..., n.

f2T(x)

For a fixed f 2 T(x), we have

sup /(x,f) — sup /¡y2kjxj,f) 2 Vkj sup /(xj,f)

f2T(x) f2T(x) y— J j—1

2 -int P- P C - int P

which is contradiction to our assumption sup^^) /(x,f R —int P.

(iii) Let Z be a finite dimensional subspace of X. We want to prove that Z n F(z) is closed. Let z 2 K

F(z)\Z — fx 2 K n Z : sup /(zf 2 Y \{-int Pg.

f2T(x)

Let {xa} be a net in F(z)n Z such that xa ! x. Since K n Z is closed, Y \{—int P} is closed graph and upper semicontinuous in second argument, then it follows that x 2 K n Z, which follows that x 2 F(z) n Z.

(iv) It follows directly from Proposition 2.2 and Remark 2.1.

Then MF(x)—0. If M is convex, closed and F(x) C M for every x 2 M, then the hypothesis (iv) can be replaced with:

(iv0) for every line segment L of M;

cl( \F(x))n L = (nF(x)jn L

\xeL J \XEL J

Now by using above lemma we have following result.

References

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[2] Q.H. Ansari, J.C. Yao, An existence result for the generalized vector equilibrium problem, Appl. Math. Lett. 12 (1999) 53-56.

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Generalized vector equilibrium problem with pseudomonotone mappings 5

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