CC BY-NC-ND
0Annals of Agricultural Science (2014) 59(2), 185-193
HOSTED BY
.^.laaBtMB
ELSEVIER
Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University Annals of Agricultural Science
www.elsevier.com/locate/aoas
Productivity and irrigation requirements qma
of faba-bean in North Delta of Egypt in relation to planting dates
A.S.A. Hegab a *, M.T.B. Fayed b, Maha M.A. Hamada b, M.A.A. Abdrabbo a
a Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Egypt b Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt
Received 1 September 2014; accepted 11 September 2014 Available online 11 December 2014
KEYWORDS
Water use efficiency (WUE); Vegetative growth; Seed yield;
Carbohydrate and protein percent
Abstract Two field experiments were carried out in El-Bosaily farm in the Northern coast of Egypt during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons to study the response of the faba bean (Vicia faba L.,) Sakha 3 cultivar to five different sowing dates (1st of October, mid of October and 1st of November, mid of November and 1st of December) and three applied irrigation levels 0.60, 0.80 and 1.00 of IR which applied by drip irrigation system. Plant height, leaf area index, total plant dry weight, biological and seed yields, seed carbohydrate and protein contents as well as water use efficiency were determined.
The results were as follows:
Vegetative growth traits as well as biological and seed yield of faba bean values were decreased as sowing date delayed beyond the 1st of November. Meanwhile application of 0.60 of (IR) irrigation treatments led to decline vegetative growth traits as well as biological and seed yield. Nevertheless, the 1.00 irrigation treatments gave the highest grain yield. The final results showed that the 0.60 irrigation level gave the highest water use efficiency (WUE). Increasing irrigation water above 0.60 led to decrease in values of water use efficiency. Meanwhile, the highest water use efficiency was obtained from the third sowing date (1st November) followed by second sowing date (mid. October) while the lowest WUE value was obtained by the fifth sowing date (1st December). Finally, the highest value of protein and carbohydrate contents in the faba bean seeds were obtained by the lowest irrigation level (0.60IR) combined with the third sowing date (1st November).
© 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams
University. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Introduction
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 01282867244. E-mail address: Ahmedsabry1988@yahoo.com (A.S.A. Hegab). Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2014.11.004 0570-1783 © 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University.
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.,) is considered one of the most important legumes in Egypt. It has become one of the strategic crops due to its income to the farmers. Also, it's important for soil fertility, human nutrition as a good source of vegetarian
protein animal feeding and industry purposes (Sharaan et al., 2004). Increasing faba bean production and improving yield quality is the major target to meet the demand of the increasing Egyptian population, since faba bean constitutes a major part of the diet of Egyptian people (Zeidan, 2002). Sowing date and irrigation regimes are playing an important role on water utilized and consequently on yield and quality of faba bean seeds (El-Murabaa et al., 1987). Rabie and Kawthar (1991) recommended the end of October as the best date for producing the highest seed yield and quality compared with the latest dates, whereas, Abou El-Yazied (2011) revealed that the first sowing date on 1st of October produced the shortest number of days for seeds emergence percentage and the highest vegetative growth values. EL-Metwally et al. (2013) mentioned that the highest values of vegetative characters and the best yield of faba bean were obtained at the sowing date 25 October. However the lowest values were recorded at the planting date 10 December.
Concerning seed protein content Sharaan et al. (2004) found that seed protein content was decreased with delaying sowing date, however, seed carbohydrate content was not affected by sowing dates. EL-Metwally et al. (2013) reported that sowing dates in 25 October recorded the highest values of protein content. Meanwhile, the lowest values were obtained with planting at 10 December.
Irrigation level also plays an important role on water utilized and consequently on crop yield and quality. The vegetative growth and yield of faba bean was reduced when plants were subjected to drought event (Moursi et al., 1976). In Eastern Delta Atta et al. (2002) found that irrigation at 25% of available soil moisture depletion significantly increased faba bean plant height, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, seed index and seed and straw yields/fad. El-Gindy et al. (2003) stated that seed yield increased gradually as water requirements increased from 50% to 125% of ETc. Weight of 100 seeds increased significantly by increasing amounts of irrigation water up to 100% of ETc. Abd El-Mawgoud (2006) tested the impact of three irrigation levels (80%, 100% and 120% of class A-pan) on the growth and yield of green bean. Vegetative growth parameters as well as yield components responded positively with increasing the irrigation level. Plant height, number of leaves and fresh and dry weights were increased with increasing irrigation rate. El-Maghraby and Abd El-Hay (1994) concluded that the protein percentage of faba bean and some of other legumes differed according to irrigation regimes, where irrigation at 80% depletion of available soil moisture decreased crude protein percentage of faba bean. Otherwise, El-Ghobashy and Youssef (2002) reported that at highest water stress (80% depletion) faba bean gave the highest protein percentage as compared with lupin, chick pea and lintel. Similarly, Alghamdi (2009) concluded that under severe, moderate and normal irrigations faba bean seed protein content increased during water stress treatment. The same findings were obtained by Hanna-Fardoas and Abdel-Nour (2000) who mentioned that severe water deficit increased seed protein compared with wet conditions. Furthermore, Musallam et al. (2004) found that the yield of faba bean was decreased under drought condition while, protein content was increased.
The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of five planting dates and three irrigation levels on growth, yield components, seed yield and quality of faba bean to reveal the best
combination between irrigation level and sowing date that can be recommended to increase faba bean yield under Northern Coastal of Delta conditions.
Material and methods
Two experiments were carried out at El-Bosaily (31°40'N; 30°40'E), Protected Cultivation Experimental Farm, Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), at Beheira Governorate, in the Northern Coast of Egypt. Experiments aimed to evaluate the effect of sowing dates, irrigation levels and their interaction on growth and yield of faba bean Sakha-3 cultivar.
Data in Table 1 show the measured climatic factors: maximum air temperature °C (Max. Temp.), minimum air temperature °C (Min. Temp.), Average relative humidity % (Avg. RH), average soil temperature °C (Avg ST 20 cm.) and wind speed (Avg WS)(m/s.) during the experimental period (1st of October till 1st of April during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons). These data collected from automated weather station of CLAC allocated at the experimental site.
The treatments comprised five sowing dates (1st of October, mid of October and 1st of November, mid of mid of November and 1st of December of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013) and three irrigation levels (0.60, 0.80 and 1.00 of ETc). Calculations of irrigation levels were done whereas the irrigation control done via manual valves for each experimental plot. The total amount of irrigation water was calculated by Penman method (Penman, 1984). The potential evapotranspiration was calculated as follows:
ETo = C{W.Rn(1 - w)- F(u) (Ea - Ed)} mm/day
ETo = reference evapotranspiration (mm d1). C = the adjustment factor (ratio of U day to U night). Rn = net radiation in equivalent evaporation expressed as mm/day. W = temperature of altitude related factor. F(U) = wind related function. Ea - ed = vapor pressure deficit (m bar). Ea = saturated vapor pressure (m bar). Ed = mean actual vapor pressure of the air (m bar).
The second step was to obtain values of crop water consumptive use (ETcrop) as following (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977):
In the crop coefficient approach the crop evapotranspiration, ETc, is calculated by multiplying the reference crop evapotranspiration, ETo, by a crop coefficient, Kc according to FAO (1998):
IR = (ETo * Kc) + LR * 4.2/Ea (m3/feddan/day)
where IR = irrigation requirement for crop m3/feddan/day. Kc = crop coefficient (dimensionless). ETo = reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day). LR = leaching requirement LR (%) (assumed 20% of the total applied water). Ea = the efficiency of the irrigation system, (assumed 85% of the total applied water).
The total amount of irrigation water was measured by water flow-meter for each treatment. Table 3 shows the seasonal water quantities for Sakha-3 cultivar under different irrigation treatments for the five sowing dates at El-Bosaily site during the two seasons. Plants were irrigated by using drippers of 2 l/h capacity. The chemical fertilizers were injected within irrigation water system.
Table 1 (A) Average monthly climatic data of the El-Bosaily location during the two studied seasons 2011/2012.
Max temp. Min temp. Max Rh Min Rh Avg ST (10 cm) Avg WS Sum PREC ETo
2011/2012
October-11 27.6 18.0 81 45 23.2 2.1 0.0 4.5
November-11 20.1 11.7 81 54 16.8 1.5 0.2 2.3
December-11 18.8 10.2 81 52 14.9 2.1 0.4 2.3
January-12 16.4 8.0 80 53 12.4 3.2 1.1 2.6
February-12 17.3 8.2 77 46 13.2 3.3 0.3 3.4
March-12 19.9 10.5 79 48 15.9 3.5 0.0 4.2
April-12 25.5 12.7 80 41 19.9 2.6 0.0 5.6
2012/2013
October-12 27.8 18.6 83 52 24.0 1.8 0.0 4.0
November-12 23.9 16.3 82 55 20.7 1.9 0.0 2.9
December-12 19.5 11.4 79 50 15.7 3.0 29.0 2.7
January-13 17.8 9.5 81 50 12.9 3.7 4.2 4.0
February-13 19.4 10.3 82 50 14.1 3.4 0.1 4.0
March-13 23.2 11.6 80 44 16.9 4.4 0.0 4.2
April-13 21.9 12.7 82 52 17.2 3.8 0.0 4.1
Table 2 Some physical and chemical analyses properties of the experimental soil at El-Bosaily site before cultivation.
Soil Physical properties
Depth (cm) Sand (%) Clay (%) Silt (%) Texture FC (%) PWP (%) Bulk density (g/cm3)
2.1. Physical analyses
0-30 95.31 4.30 0.36 Sandy 16.77 5.65 1.44
Treat. ECe pH meq/l
(Mmohs/cm) Cations Anions
Ca+ + Mg+ + Na + K+ CO3- HCO3 Cl3 SO433
2.2. Chemical analyses
Soil sample 1.6 7.7 3.5 2.0 8.1 1.2 0.0 1.5 9.0 4.2
Table 3 Seasonal irrigation quantities under different water levels for Sakha 3 faba bean cultivar under experimental conditions for
seasons 2011/2012 and 2012/2013.
Irrigation m3/feddan
Date Season 1 Season 2
60% 80% 100% Mean 60% 80% 100% Mean
1 820 1093 1366 1121 841 1121 1402 1093
2 810 1080 1350 1107 831 1107 1384 1080
3 753 1004 1255 1030 772 1030 1287 1004
4 747 997 1246 1022 767 1022 1278 997
5 737 983 1229 1009 756 1009 1261 983
Mean 793 1058 1322 773 1031 1289
Chemical properties of the experiment's soil were analyzed before cultivation according to Chapman and Pratt (1961) and the results are tabulated in Table 2. The permanent wilting point (PWP) and field capacity (FC) of the trial soil were determined according to Israelsen and Hansen (1962).
The experiment was designed in a split plot arrangement with four replications. Sowing dates were distributed in the main plots, and irrigation levels allocated in the subplots.
Sub-Plot area was 15m length x 3 m width, occupying an area of 45 m2. Plant distances were 0.30 m apart; the distances between rows were 0.60 m. A distance of 2 m was left between each two irrigation treatments as a border among the treatments.
All other agriculture practices of faba bean cultivation were done in accordance with standard recommendations for commercial growers by the Ministry of Agriculture (MALR, 2013).
Samples of ten plants of each experimental plot were taken to determine some growth parameters after 75 days from sowing, i.e. plant height (cm), leaf area index, and total plant dry weight (g/plant). At harvest grain yield (ton/fed) and biological yield (ton/fed) were determined from each plot.
The water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated according to FAO (1982) as follows: The ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of irrigation water use in the field for the growth season (IR) is WUE (kg/m3) = Y (kg)/IR (m3). Water use efficiency and seasonal water consumption were determined after harvesting. Harvesting time was done after 120 days from sowing.
Plant samples were dried at 70 0C in an air forced oven for 48 h and total nitrogen was estimated for faba bean by Kjeldahl method, according to Chapman and Pratt (1961). And total carbohydrate content was determined in seeds according to A.O.A.C. (2000).
Analysis of data was done, using SAS program for statistical analysis. The differences among means for all traits were
tested for significance at 5% level according to Waller and Duncan (1969).
Results and discussions
The effect of sowing dates and irrigation levels on vegetative characters
Data presented in Tables 4-6 show significant effects of sowing date on plant height, plant dry weight and leaf area index (LAI) to some extent. Firstly, it is worthy to notice that plant height and leaf area index (LAI) values in the first season were higher than in the second season. Differences conditions in the two seasons might account much for this finding. Obtained results indicate that sowing faba bean in the 3rd sowing date (November, 1) gave the tallest faba bean plants (Table 4), highest value of LAI (Table 5) and the heaviest total plant dry weight (Table 6). This finding is true in both 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons. Delaying sowing date from the potent sow-
Table 4 Effect of planting dates, irrigation levels and their interaction on faba bean plant height (cm) at harvest at El-Bosaily Farm, Beheira Governorate, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.
Sowing dates Plant height (cm) at harvest
Irrigation levels
First season Second season
0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean
1st October 141.9 151.7 151.4 148.3 127.5 130.9 135.5 131.3
mid-October 149.4 152.3 153.5 151.7 131.8 133.8 139.0 134.9
1st November 154.4 155.2 158.7 156.1 139.1 139.4 144.1 140.8
mid-November 117.0 116.8 119.0 117.6 123.2 125.4 127.9 125.5
1st December 95.0 94.1 95.8 95.0 115.4 116.9 118.7 117.0
Mean 131.5 134.0 135.7 127.4 129.2 133.0
L.S.D 5%
D 1.77 1.98
I 3.08 1.97
DI 1.78 1.14
Table 5 Effect of planting dates and irrigation levels on faba bean leaf area index after 75 days from sowing date at El-Bosaily Farm,
Beheira Governorate, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.
Sowing dates leaf area index
Irrigation levels
First season Second season
0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean
1st October 2.5 4.9 6.0 4.5 2.5 3.2 4.1 3.2
mid-October 3.4 5.1 5.8 4.8 2.9 3.6 5.1 3.9
1st November 4.5 5.5 7.2 5.7 4.1 5.5 6.5 5.4
mid-November 2.7 3.7 5.5 4.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 2.8
1st December 2.2 3.2 4.3 3.2 1.2 1.9 2.5 1.9
Mean 3.1 4.5 5.8 2.5 3.4 4.3
L.S.D 5%
D 0.5 0.45
I 0.85 0.6
DI 0.49 0.35
Table 6 Effect of planting dates, irrigation levels and their interaction on faba bean total plant dry weight (g/plant) after 75 days from sowing date at El-Bosaily Farm, Beheira Governorate, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.
Sowing dates Total plant dry weight (g/plant)
Irrigation levels
First season Second season
0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean
1st October 47.8 59.5 69.9 59.1 50.4 62.8 74.8 62.7
mid-October 55.4 62.5 73.9 63.9 55.7 69.5 78.5 67.9
1st November 69.7 78.2 89.4 79.1 71.1 80.5 96.0 82.5
mid-November 44.8 52.7 60.1 52.5 46.9 56.8 68.3 57.3
1st December 39.9 41.9 49.3 43.7 41.0 48.9 61.7 50.5
Mean 51.5 59.0 68.5 53.0 63.7 75.9
L.S.D 5%
D 1.73 2.14
I 2.42 2.68
DI 1.4 1.55
ing date treatment (November, 1) to mid-November and 1st December sharply decreased height of plants in the 1st season by 24.7 and 39.1% and the 2nd season by 10.9 and 16.9% respectively, LAI values in the 1st season by 29.8% and 43.8% and in the second one by 48.1% and 64.8%, orderly and total plant dry weight in the 1st season by 33.6% and 44.7% and in the 2nd one by 30.5% and 38.8%, respectively. Climatic conditions prevailing the 3rd sowing date (November 1) furnished favorable conditions to produce healthy taller plants having greater LAI values and duration cycle and decreased their accumulation heat units to be not sufficient for completing their optimum vegetative growth in this respect. Kondra (1975) reported that later sown crops yield less than earlier sown. He added that this may be due to the higher temperature during development of the later sown plants will cause a more rapid rate of leaf death and reduce canopy, this will affect the supply of photosynthate to the plant and may account for the lower seed yield of the later sown plants. Under Egypt condition EL-Metwally et al. (2013) found that the highest values of vegetative characters of faba bean were obtained at the sowing date 25 October. However the lowest values were recorded at the planting date 10 December. Abou-Taleb (2002) found that faba bean vegetative characters (plant height and dry weight per plant) were significantly reduced as sowing date delayed. This was attributed to differences between day/night predominate temperature during plant growth.
With respect to the effect of irrigation levels on vegetative characters Tables 4-6 showed that plant height, LAI and dry weight were significant in both seasons. However there were no significant differences between 1.00 (IR) and 0.80 (IR) during the first season on plant height only, and both of them were superior than 0.60 (IR) in both seasons. Results worthy reveal that the most effective treatment was irrigation up to 1.00 (IR). It gives the highest values of plant height, plant dry weight, and LAI in the two seasons, whereas the lowest value of such traits was more pronounced when (IR) reached up to 0.60. The decrement estimated by 4, 4% and 2, 1.5% on plant height; 87, 45% and 72, 36% on LAI; and 33, 19% and 43, 20% on dry weight with irrigation water supplies up to 80% and 100% compared with the level of 60% in the first and second seasons,
respectively. Similar results were recorded. Al-Suhaibani (2009) reported that plants under higher water supply recorded higher number of leaves per plant and consequently higher leaf area per plant. On the other hand, plants grown under water deficit conditions had less leaves area per plant. Reduced leaf expansion for plants under stress is beneficial which produced less-leaf area and resulted in reduced transpiration. Similar results on the deleterious impacts of water stress on growth criteria of faba bean plants were reported by Abdel-Mottaleb et al. (2000), Ahmed et al. (2008) and Alderfasi and Alghamdi (2010).
With regard to the interaction effect between different sowing dates and irrigation levels, data showed that the highest vegetative growth traits were obtained from third sowing date (November, 1) with 1.00 (IR) during both seasons, whereas, the lowest values were obtained by using the fifth sowing date (December, 1) combined with 0.60 (IR) during the two successive seasons. These results are in agreement with those mentioned by Hanna-Fardoas and Abdel-Nour (2000), El-Gindy et al. (2003), Sharaan et al. (2004),Musallam et al. (2004), Abd El-Mawgoud (2006), Abou El-Yazied (2011) and EL-Metwally et al. (2013).
Effect of sowing date and irrigation level on biological and seed yields
The effect of different sowing dates and irrigation levels on faba bean biological and seed yields was presented in Tables 7 and 8.
As for faba bean biological and seed yields, differences among the sowing dates were significant. Third sowing date (1st November) gave the highest biological and seed yields followed by second sowing date (mid October), whereas first sowing date came in the third option. The lowest seed yield was obtained by fifth sowing date (1st December). Superiority of 1st November (D3) sowing date treatment in either biological or seed yields may be resulted from their obvious increase in vegetative growth traits i.e. plant height (Table 4), LAI (Table 5) and total plant dry weight (Table 6). In this respect Zein et al. (2004) stated sowing faba bean on mid-November gave the highest biological and seed yields due to the favorable environmental conditions to germination faba bean seeds and
Table 7 Effect of planting dates and irrigation levels on faba bean biological yield (ton/fed) at harvest at El-Bosaily Farm, Beheira Governorate, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.
Sowing dates Biological yield (ton/fed)
Irrigation levels
First season Second season
0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean
1st October 1.34 1.67 1.88 1.34 1.55 1.52 1.70 1.59
mid-October 1.36 1.70 1.99 1.36 1.62 1.65 1.77 1.68
1st November 1.49 1.73 2.06 1.49 1.72 1.83 1.93 1.82
mid-November 1.31 1.59 1.80 1.31 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.52
1st December 1.28 1.49 1.78 1.28 1.19 1.26 1.46 1.31
Mean 1.34 1.67 1.88 1.50 1.55 1.69
L.S.D 5%
D 0.03 0.06
I 0.08 0.07
DI 0.05 0.04
Table 8 Effect of planting dates, irrigation levels and their interaction on faba bean seed yield (ton/fed.) at harvest at El-Bosaily Farm, Beheira Governorate, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.
Sowing dates Seeds (seeds yield) ton/fed.
Irrigation levels
First season Second season
0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean
1st October 1.09 1.33 1.36 1.26 1.16 1.25 1.59 1.33
mid-October 1.18 1.41 1.43 1.34 1.24 1.35 1.60 1.40
1st November 1.30 1.50 1.61 1.47 1.44 1.49 1.74 1.56
mid-November 1.04 1.10 1.13 1.09 1.03 1.18 1.22 1.14
1st December 0.94 0.97 1.04 0.98 0.83 0.96 0.97 0.92
Mean 1.11 1.26 1.31 1.14 1.25 1.42
L.S.D 5%
D 0.03 0.03
I 0.04 0.07
DI 0.03 0.04
long growing season at the sowing in early planting. Likewise, Tawaha and Turk (2001) indicated that shorter growing period (lately sowing date) might result in less dry matter accumulated and fewer pods per plant which reduced seed yield. Similar findings were reported also by El-Defrawy et al. (1994), Turk and Tawaha (2002), Khalil et al. (2011) and Kawochar et al. (2011).
Referring the effect of different irrigation levels, data showed that using 1.00 (IR) increased faba bean biological and seed yields significantly followed by 0.80 (IR) during the two tested seasons. Low irrigation level (0.6 IR) sharply decreased biological and seed yields in the first season by 31.6% and 15.3%, respectively and second one by 11.8% and 19.7%, respectively than optimum irrigation (1.00 IR). Interpretation of such findings was reported by (Erdem et al., 2006) who stated that adequate moisture availability in soil leads to increase various physiological processes, better of nutrients uptake, higher rates of photosynthesis which might reflected on more number and area of leaves and higher yields. Similar results were observed by Hammad et al. (1990), Hanna-Fardoas and Abdel-Nour (2000), El-Gindy et al. (2003) and Abd El-Mawgoud (2006).
Regarding the interaction effect between different sowing dates and irrigation levels, data in Table 8 showed that the highest faba seed yield (1.61-1.74 ton/fed.) was obtained by third sowing date (1st November) combined with 1.00 (IR). On the other hand, the lowest seed yield (0.94-0.83 ton/fed.) was obtained by using fifth sowing date (1st December) combined with 0.60 (IR) during the two successive seasons, respectively.
Effect of sowing dates and irrigation levels on seed carbohydrate and protein percent
As carbohydrate and protein percent in the faba bean seeds, differences among the studied treatments were significant (Tables 9 and 10), whereas third sowing date (1st November) gave the highest carbohydrate and protein percent followed by second sowing date (mid-October); first sowing date (1st October) came in the third options. The lowest carbohydrate and protein percent were gained by the fifth sowing date (1st December). Delaying faba bean sowing date not only reduces seed quantity but also decreases their quality. EL-Metwally et al. (2013) concluded that early sowing dates (in 25 October)
Table 9 Effect of planting, irrigation levels and their interaction on carbohydrate percentage of faba bean seeds at El-Bosaily Farm, Beheira Governorate, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.
Sowing dates Carbohydrate (%)
Irrigation levels
First season Second season
0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean
1st October 37.77 35.73 32.38 35.29 49.18 42.85 41.80 44.61
mid-October 41.32 39.56 33.88 38.25 49.86 49.56 42.10 47.17
1st November 44.29 41.04 38.57 41.30 50.12 51.02 49.02 50.05
mid-November 35.95 34.81 31.04 33.93 48.75 46.51 40.82 45.36
1st December 33.80 31.96 29.59 31.78 41.95 40.89 40.76 41.20
Mean 38.63 36.62 33.09 47.97 46.17 42.90
L.S.D 5%
D 1.85 0.59
I 1.84 0.8
DI 1.06 0.46
Table 10 Effect of planting dates, irrigation levels and their interaction on protein percentage of faba bean seeds at El-Bosaily Farm, Beheira Governorate, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.
Sowing dates Protein (%)
Irrigation levels
First season Second season
0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean
1st October 30.09 26.63 24.93 27.22 29.25 27.66 25.64 27.51
mid-October 31.01 28.71 26.87 28.86 29.22 29.01 26.16 28.13
1st November 33.80 30.93 28.51 31.08 29.27 27.96 27.57 28.26
mid-November 27.42 25.77 23.67 25.62 26.67 27.41 25.47 26.52
1st December 26.26 24.11 22.02 24.13 25.39 24.92 24.71 25.01
Mean 29.72 27.23 25.20 27.96 27.39 25.91
L.S.D 5%
D 2.44 0.35
I 1.33 0.47
DI 0.77 0.27
recorded the highest values of protein percent. Meanwhile, the lowest values were obtained with planting at 10 December. The high total protein percent in seeds from early planting crop might be due to the fact that the early planted crop had sufficient longer vegetative period and better utilization of water and nutrients where that is very useful in increasing seed protein percent.
Concerning the effect of irrigation levels, data showed that increasing irrigation level led to a gradual reduction in carbohydrate and protein percent up to 1.00 IR. Therefore, the lowest carbohydrate and protein percent were obtained by 1.00 irrigation level treatments during the two studied seasons. Interpretation of these findings could be due to that protein considered a good indicator for plant tolerance to water drought as in adequate water supply caused hydrolysis and catabolism in proteins and released free amino acids and ammonia as well as proline (Fayed, 1972). In the same connection, El-Maghraby and Abd El-Hay (1994), concluded that the protein percentage of faba bean and some of other legumes differed according to irrigation regimes, low available soil moisture increased crude protein percentage of faba bean. The
same finding was obtained by El-Ghobashy and Youssef (2002)who reported that at highest water stress (80% depletion) faba bean gave the highest protein percentage as compared with lupin, chickpea and lentil. The same finding was obtained by Hanna-Fardoas and Abdel-Nour (2000) who mentioned that water deficit increased seed protein compared with wet conditions.
Regarding the interaction effect between different sowing dates and irrigation levels, data showed that the highest carbohydrate and protein percent were obtained by third sowing date (1st November) combined with 0.60 irrigation level. On the other hand, the lowest carbohydrate and protein percent were obtained by using fifth sowing date (1st December) combined with 1.00 irrigation treatment during the two successive seasons.
Effect of sowing dates and irrigation levels on water use efficiency (WUE)
The effect of sowing dates, irrigation levels and their interaction on water use efficiency (WUE) kg/m3 is shown in Table 11.
Table 11 Effect of planting dates, irrigation levels and their interaction on water use efficiency (kg/m3) faba bean at El-Bosaily Farm, Beheira Governorate, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.
Sowing dates Water use efficiency (kg/m3)
Irrigation levels
First season Second season
0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean 0.60 0.80 1.00 Mean
1st October 1.29 1.19 0.97 1.15 1.41 1.14 1.16 1.24
mid-October 1.42 1.27 1.03 1.24 1.53 1.25 1.19 1.32
1st November 1.68 1.47 1.25 1.47 1.91 1.48 1.39 1.59
mid-November 1.35 1.07 0.89 1.10 1.38 1.18 0.98 1.18
1st December 1.24 0.96 0.82 1.01 1.13 0.98 0.79 0.97
Mean 1.40 1.19 0.99 1.47 1.21 1.10
L.S.D 5%
D 0.03 0.03
I 0.05 0.07
DI 0.03 0.04
It is revealed that sowing date affected water use efficiency in the two seasons. The third sowing date (November, 1) in the first and second seasons resulted in the higher WUE value followed by second planting date (mid-October). The fifth sowing date (December, 1) introduced the lowest WUE value. The highest WUE value was obtained from treatment 0.60 (IR).
Meanwhile, increasing irrigation quantity gradually decreased water use efficiency for all irrigation treatments.
The interaction effect between sowing date and irrigation level on WUE value was also significant (Table 11). However, the third sowing date (November, 1) combined with 0.60 (IR) had the highest WUE compared to other sowing dates and irrigation level treatments. The lowest WUE was obtained by fifth sowing date (December, 1) combined with 1.00 (IR) treatment during the two tested seasons. These data agreed with those obtained by Karmer(1974), Alderfasi and Alghamdi (2010), Abou El-Yazied (2011), Kawochar et al. (2011) and EL-Metwally et al. (2013) who concluded that the proper sowing date led to increase the plant growth, and productivity which led to increase the water and nutrient use efficiency. Furthermore, Rifaat (2002) indicated that seed yield and biomass of faba bean were highly dependent on the amount of water availability and its use efficiency.
Conclusion
Increasing water productivity is a major goal in modern agriculture and accomplishes to maintain food security and agriculture sustainability. In general, 0.60 irrigation level accompanied by third sowing date was the best combination for faba bean production aimed at maximum WUE in this study. This recommendation is slightly different in irrigation from our recommendation aiming at optimum seed yield obtained by 100% irrigation level accompanied by third sowing date. The adoption of 0.6 irrigation level will be superior to 1.00 irrigation level if the irrigation water is the limiting factor or the farmer facing water scarcity.
References
A.O.A.C., 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 11th ed. Washington, D.C., USA.
Abdel-Mawgoud, A.M.R., 2006. Growth, yield and quality of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in response to irrigation and compost applications. J. Appl. Sci. 2 (7), 443-450.
Abdel-Mottaleb, M.A., Fayed, R.M., El-Tapey, H.M.A., Rizk, A.H., 2000. Effect irrigation water salinity and soil moisture content on yield and NPK contents of wheat and broad bean crops. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. 15 (6), 327-337.
Abou El-Yazied, A., 2011. Growth, biochemical constituents and yield of snap bean as influenced by low gamma irradiation doses under different sowing dates. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5 (11), 30-42.
Abou-Taleb, S.M., 2002. Morphological varieties and dry matter distribution in some faba bean cultivars under different sown dates. In: Proc. of Recent Technologies in Agriculture, Fac. Agric. Cairo Univ., 28-30 October 2002, Bull. Fac. Agric. Cairo Univ., Egypt, vol. lV, pp. 864-875.
Ahmed, A.K., Tawfik, K.M., Abd El-Gawad, Z.A., 2008. Tolerance of seven faba bean varities to drought and salt stresses. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4 (2), 175-186.
Alderfasi, A.A., Alghamdi, S.S., 2010. Integrated water supply with nutrient requirements on growth, photosynthesis productivity, chemical status and seed yield of faba bean. Am.-Eur. J. Agron. 3 (1), 08-17.
Alghamdi, S.S., 2009. Chemical composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), genotypes under various water regimes. Pak. J. Nutr. 8 (4), 477-482.
Al-Suhaibani, N.A., 2009. Influence of early water deficit on seed yield and quality of faba bean under arid environment of Saudi Arabia. Am.-Eur. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 5 (5), 649-654.
Atta, Y.E.M., Nahla, Z.Abou El-Fotouh, Shaalan, W.M., 2002. Response of faba bean to soil moisture stress in Eastern Delta. Zagazig J. Agric. Res. 29 (5), 1429-1442.
Chapman, H.D., Pratt, F., 1961. Methods of analysis for soils, plants and water. Univ. Calif. 35, 6-7.
Doorenbos, J., Pruitt, W.O., 1977. Crop Water Requirements: Irrigation and Drainage, FAO paper 24. Rome.
El-Defrawy, M.M., Kheiralla, K.A., Dawood, R.A., 1994. Stability of faba bean genotypes in Egypt. Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 25 (2), 93-114.
El-Ghobashy, A.K., Youssef, H.Y.M., 2002. Effect of water stress on protein and amino acids percentage in seeds of some legume crops. Zagazig J. Agric. Res. 29 (23), 947-959.
El-Gindy, A.M., Abdel- A.A., Aziz, EL.Sabar, E.A., Abdelghany, A.M., 2003. Engineering and biological properties of faba bean seeds under different irrigation systems. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ. 28 (6), 4325-4337.
El-Maghraby, A.F., Abd El.-Hay., G., 1994. Effect of water management practices on chemical components of some legume crops. Egypt. J. Sci. 9 (11), 505-524.
EL-Metwally, I.M., El-Shahawy, T.A., Ahmed, M.A., 2013. Effect of sowing dates and some broomrape control treatments on faba bean growth and yield. J. Appl. Sci. 9 (1), 197-204.
El-Murabaa, A.I., Butt, A.M., Abdel-All, S.A., Salem, K.B., 1987. Effect of cultivar and planting date on faba bean performance. III. Interaction of planting date cultivar and correlation between characters. Assuit J. Agric.Sci. 18 (4), 215-232.
Erdem, Y., Seshril, S., Erdem, T., Kenar, D., 2006. Determination of crop water stress index for irrigation scheduling of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Turk. J. Agric. 30, 195-202.
FAO, 1982. Crop Water Requirements, Irrigation and Drainage. Paper No. 24, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 1998. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guide Lines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. By: Richard Allen, Luis Pereira, Dirk Raes and Martin Smith. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome, Italy.
Fayed, M.T.B., 1972. Persistence of simazine and its effects on the common weeds grown in corn field. Ph.D. Thesis, Agron. Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. Egypt, p. 164.
Hammad, S.A., Kaoud, E.E., Matter, K., Khamly, M.A., 1990. Effect of soil and water management practices on broad been in sandy soil. Egypt. J. Soil Sci. 30 (1-2), 341-355.
Hanna-Fardoas, R., Abdel-Nour, A.Sh., 2000. Soil moisture stress and phosphorus fertilizer interrelations of faba bean under sandy soil conditions. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. 15 (4), 134-151.
Israelsen, B.O., Hansen, V.E., 1962. Irrigation Principles and Practices, 3rd edit. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
Karmer, P.J., 1974. Fifty years of progress in water relations research. Plant Physiol. 54, 463-471.
Kawochar, M.A., Ullah, M.J., Salam, M.A., Alam, K.H., Islam, M.R., 2011. Effect of sowing time and fertilizer on growth attributes, dry matter partitioning and grain yield of faba bean. J. Expt. Biosci. 2 (2), 17-24.
Khalil, S.k., Wahab, A., Khan, A.Z., 2011. Variation in leaf traits, yield and yield components of faba bean in response to planting dates and densities. Egypt, Acad. J. Biol. Sci. 2 (1), 35-43.
Kondra, Z.P., 1975. Effect of row spacing, seeding rate and date of seeding on faba beans. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55 (1), 211-214.
MALR, 2013. Cultivation and Management faba Bean. Bulettien No. (1301), pp. 1-20.
Moursi, M.A., El-Habbasha, K.M., Shaheen, A.M., 1976. Photosyn-thetic efficiency. Water and nitrogen contents of Vicia faba plant as influenced by water deficit. Egypt. J. Agron. 1 (2), 238-246.
Musallam, I.W., Al-Karaki, G., Ereifej, K., Al-Tawaha, A.R., 2004. Chemical composition of faba bean genotypes under rainfed and irrigation conditions. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 6 (2), 369-362.
Penman, H.L., 1984. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass proceedings. Roy. Soc. Lond., Seriesa 193, 120-146.
Rabie, K.A.E., Kawthar, A.E., 1991. Effect of sowing dates on endogenous hormones, shedding and yield in vicia faba plants. Ann. Agric. Sci. Ain Shams Univ. Cairo 36 (2), 323-333.
Rifaat, M.G.M., 2002. Broad bean response to available soil moisture depletion and phosphorus fertilization in alluvial soil. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci. 17 (9), 334-345.
Sharaan, A.N., Ekram, A., Megawer, H.A.S., Hemida, Z.A., 2004. Seed yield, yield components and quality character as affected by cultivars, sowing dates and planting distances in faba bean. Bull. Agric. Econ. Min. Agric. Egypt. <http://fayoum.edu.eg/Agricul-ture/Crops/pdf/Fabapaper3.pdf >.
Tawaha, A.M., Turk, M.A., 2001. Crop-weed competition studies in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under rainfed conditions. Acta Agron. Hung. 49 (3), 299-303.
Turk, M.A., Tawaha, A.M., 2002. Impact of seeding rate, seeding date, rate and methods of phosphors application in faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) in the absence of moisture stress. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 6 (3), 171-178.
Waller, R.A., Duncan, D.B., 1969. A bayes rule for the symmetric multiple comparison problem. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 64, 1484-1504.
Zeidan, M.S., 2002. Effect of sowing dates and urea foliar application on growth and seed yield of determinate faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under Egyptian conditions. Egypt. J. Agron. 24, 93-102.
Zein, A.A., Abd El-Hamid, M.M., Shady, M.F., Kenapar, M.E., 2004. Effect of sowing date broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk) control and releasing Phytomyza orobanchia, Kalt, on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and productivity. J. Agric. Res. Tanta Univ. 30 (2), 465-486.
