00 Journal of Inequalities and Applications
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Multivalued fixed point theorems in cone ¿-metric spaces
Akbar Azam1, Nayyar Mehmood1, Jamshaid Ahmad1* and Stojan Radenovic2
"Correspondence: jamshaid_jasim@yahoo.com 1 Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad,44000, Pakistan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Abstract
In this paper we extend the Banach contraction for multivalued mappings in a cone b-metric space without the assumption of normality on cones and generalize some attractive results in literature. MSC: 47H10; 54H25
Keywords: cone b-metric space; non-normal cones; multivalued contraction; fixed points
1 Introduction
The analysis on existence of linear and nonlinear operators was developed after the Banach contraction theorem [1] presented in 1922. Many generalizations are available with applications in the literature [2-13]. Nadler [14] gave its set-valued form in his classical paper in 1969 on multivalued contractions. A real generalization of Nadler's theorem was presented by Mizoguchi and Takahashi [15] as follows.
Theorem 1.1 [15] Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and letT: X ^ 2X be a multivalued map such that Tx is a closed bounded subset ofX for all x e X. If there exists a function y : (0, to) ^ [0,1) such that limr^t+ sup y (r) < 1for all t e [0, to) and if
H(Tx, Ty) < d(x,y)) (d(x,y)) for allx,y e X, then T has a fixed point in X.
Huang and Zhang [10] introduced a cone metric space with normal cone as a generalization of a metric space. Rezapour and Hamlbarani [16] presented the results of [10] for the case of a cone metric space without normality in cone. Many authors worked on it (see [17]). Cho and Bae [18] presented the result of [15] for multivalued mappings in cone metric spaces with normal cone.
Recently Hussain and Shah [19] introduced the notion of cone b-metric spaces as a generalization of b-metric and cone metric spaces. In [20] the authors presented some fixed point results in cone b-metric spaces without assumption of normality on cone.
In this article we present the generalized form of Cho and Bae [18] for the case of cone b-metric spaces without normality on cone. We also give an example to support our main theorem.
ft Springer
©2013 Azam et al.; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 Preliminaries
Let E be a real Banach space and P be a subset of E. By Q we denote the zero element of E and by int P the interior of P. The subset P is called a cone if and only if:
(i) P is closed, nonempty, and P = {Q};
(ii) a, b e R, a, b > 0, x,y e P ^ ax + by e P;
(iii) P n (-P) = {Q}.
For a given cone P c E, we define a partial ordering ^ with respect to P by x ^ y if and only if y - x e P; x -< y will stand for x ^ y and x = y, while x ^ y will stand for y - x e int P, where int P denotes the interior of P. The cone P is said to be solid if it has a nonempty interior.
Definition 2.1 [19] Let X be a nonempty set and r > 1 be a given real number. A function d: X x X ^ E is said to be a cone b-metric if the following conditions hold: (CI) Q < d(x, y) for all x, y e X and d(x, y) = Q if and only if x = y; (C2) d(x, y) = d(y, x) for all x, y e X; (C3) d(x, z) < r[d(x,y) + d(y, z)] for all x,y, z e X. The pair (X, d) is then called a cone b-metric space.
Example 2.1 [20] Let X = lp with 0 < p <1, where lp = {{xn} c R: £|xn|p < to}. Let d: X x X ^ R be defined as
d(x, y)=(X! Ixn - ynlp) ,
where x = {xn},y = {yn} e lp. Then (X, d) is a b-metric space. Put E = l1, P = {{xn} e E :
xn > 0 for all n > 1}. Letting the map d': X x X ^ E be defined by d'(x,y) = {d2|y)}n>1, we
conclude that (X, d') is a cone b-metric space with the coefficient r = 2p >1, but is not a cone metric space.
Example 2.2 [20] Let X = {1,2,3,4}, E = R2, P = {(x,y) e E: x > 0,y > 0}. Define d: X x X ^ E by
d(x, y)=((|x - y|-1, Ix - y|-1) if x =y,
Q if x = y.
Then (X, d) is a cone b-metric space with coefficient r = f. But it is not a cone metric space, because
d(1,2) > d(1,4) + d(4,2), d(3,4) > d(3,1) + d(1,4).
Remark 2.1 [19] The class of cone b-metric spaces is larger than the class of cone metric spaces since any cone metric space must be a cone metric b-metric space. Therefore, it is obvious that cone b-metric spaces generalize b-metric spaces and cone metric spaces.
Definition 2.2 [19] Let (X, d) be a cone b-metric space, x e X, let {xn} be a sequence in X. Then
(i) {xn} converges to x whenever for every c e E with Q ^ c there is a natural number n0 such that d(xn,x) ^ c for all n > n0. We denote this by limn^TOxn = x;
(ii) {xn} is a Cauchy sequence whenever for every c e E with Q ^ c there is a natural number n0 such that d(xn,xm) ^ c for all n, m > n0;
(iii) (X, d) is complete cone b-metric if every Cauchy sequence in X is convergent.
Remark 2.2 [17] The results concerning fixed points and other results, in case of cone spaces with non-normal solid cones, cannot be provided by reducing to metric spaces, because in this case neither of the conditions of Lemmas 1-4 in [10] hold. Further, the vector cone metric is not continuous in the general case, i.e., from xn ^ x, yn ^ y it need not follow that d(xn,yn) ^ d(x,y).
Let E be an ordered Banach space with a positive cone P. The following properties hold [17,19]:
(PT1) If u < v and v ^ w, then u ^ w. (PT2) If u ^ v and v < w, then u ^ w. (PT3) If u ^ v and v ^ w, then u ^ w. (PT4) If Q < u « c for each c e int P, then u = Q. (PT5) If a < b + c for each c e int P, then a < b.
(PT6) Let {an} be a sequence in E.If c e intP and an ^ Q (as n ^ to), then there exists n0 e N such that for all n > n0,we have an ^ c.
3 Main result
According to [18], we denote by A a family of nonempty closed and bounded subsets of X, and
s(p) = {q e E: p < q} for q e E,
s(a,B) = ^J s(d(a, b)) = ^J {x e E: d(a, b) ^ x} for a e X and B e A.
Remark 3.1 Let (X, d) be a cone ¿-metric space. If E = R and P = [0, +to), then (X, d) is a ¿-metric space. Moreover, for A, B e CB(X), H (A, B) = inf s(A, B) is the Hausdorff distance induced by d.
Now, we start with the main result of this paper.
Theorem 3.1 Let (X, d) be a complete cone b-metric space with the coefficient r > 1 and cone P, and letT : X — A be a multivalued mapping. If there exists a function y : P — [0,1) such that
For A, B e A, we define
lim sup y(an) < -
n—>to r
for any decreasing sequence {an} in P. If for all x, y e X,
y (d(x, y)) d(x, y) e s( Tx, Ty), (b)
then T has a fixed point in X.
Proof Let x0 be an arbitrary point in X, then Tx0 e A, so Tx0 = $. Letxi e Tx0 and consider
y(d(x0,x1))d(x0,x1) e s(Tx0, Tx1). By definition we have
y(d(x0,x^)d(x0,x1) e I s(x, Tx1M n I s(y, Tx0) I,
^xeTx0 \yeTx1 '
which implies
y(d(x0,x^)d(x0,x1) e s(x, Tx1) for all x e Tx0. Since x1 e Tx0, so we have
y(d(x0,x1))d(x0,x1) e s(x1, Tx 1). We have
y(d(x0,x^)d(x0,x1) e ^J s(d(x^x)).
So there exists some x2 e Tx1 such that y(d(x0,x1))d(x0,x1) e s(d(x^x2)). It gives
d(x1,x2) ^ y(d(x0,x^)d(x0,x1).
By induction we can construct a sequence {xn} in X such that
d(xn,xn+1) ^ y(d(xn-1,xn))d(xn-1,xn), xn+1 e Txn for n e N. (c)
If xn = xn+1 for some n e N, then T has a fixed point. Assume that xn = xn+1, then from (c) the sequence {d(xn,xn+1)} is decreasing in P. Hence from (a) there exists a e (0,1) such that
lim supy(d(xn,xn+1)\ < a.
n—>to f
Thus, for any k e (a, 1), there exists some n0 e N such that for all n > n0, implies y(d(xn,xn+1)) < k. Now consider, for all n > n0,
d(xn,xn+1) "" y (d(xn—1,xn))d(xn—1,xn) kd(xn—1,xn) k d(xn0,xn0+1)
= knV0,
where v0 = k—n0 d(xn0, xn0+1).
Let m > n > n0. Applying (C3) to triples {xn , xn+1, xm. }, {xn+1, xn+2, xm. },..., {xm—2,xm—1,xm}, we obtain
d(xn, xm) "" r[d(xn, xn+1) + d(xn+1, xm)J
" rd(xn, xn+1) + r2 [d(xn+1, xn+2) + d(xn+2, xm)] " • ••
rd(xn,xn+1) + r d(xn+1,xn+2) + ••• + r [d(xm—2,xm—1) + d(xm—1,xm)J rd(xn,xn+1) + r d(xn+1,xn+2) + ••• + r d(xm_2,xm_1) + r d(xm_1,xm).
Now d(xn,xn+1) " knv0 and kr < 1 imply that
d(xn,xm) " (rkn + r2kn+1 + ••• + rm—nkm—1)vc = rkn(1 + (rk) + ••• + (rk)m—n—1)v0
"-- v0 — 0 when n —to.
1 —rk
Now, according to (PT6) and (PT1), we obtain that for a given 0 ^ c there exists m0 e N such that
d(xn,xm) ^ c for all m, n > m0,
that is, {xn} is Cauchy sequence in (X, d). Since (X, d) is a complete cone ¿-metric space, so there exists some u e X such that xn — u. Take k0 e N such that d(xn, u) ^ c for all n > ko. Now we will prove u e Tu. For this let us consider
y (d(xn, u))d(xn, u) e s(Txn, Tu).
By definition we have
y (d(xn, u))d(xn, u) e I s(x, Tu) I n I s(y, Txn)
^xeTxn ' \eTu
which implies
y(d(xn,u))d(xn,u) e ^ s(x, Tu)), y(d(x„, u))d(xn, u) e s(x, Tu) for all x e Txn.
Since xn+i e Txn, so we have
y (d(xn, u))d(xn, u) e s(xn+1, Tu). So there exists some vn e Tu such that y(d(xn, u))d(xn, u) e s d(xn+1, vn)). It gives
d(xn+1, vn) ^ y (d(xn, u))d(xn, u) < d(xn, u). (d)
Now consider
d(u, vn) ^ r[d(u,xn+1) + d(xn+1, vn)]
^ rd(u,xn+1) + rd(xn, u) cc
^ - + - = c for all n > k0,
which means vn — u, since Tu is closed so u e Tu. □
Corollary 3.1 [18] Let (X, d) be a complete cone metric space with a normal cone P, and letT: X — CB(X) be a multivalued mapping. If there exists a function y : P — [0,1) such that
lim sup y(an) < 1
n—>to
for any decreasing sequence {an} in P. If for all x, y e X,
y(d(x,y))d(x,y) e s(Tx, Ty), then T has a fixed point in X.
Corollary 3.2 [15] Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and letT: X — 2X be a multivalued map such that Tx is a closed bounded subset ofX for all x e X. If there exists a function y : (0, to) — [0,1) such that limsupr—1+ y(r) < 1for all t e [0, to) and if
H(Tx, Ty) < y (d(x,y)) (d(x,y)) for all x,y e X,
then T has a fixed point in X.
The following is Nadler's theorem for multivalued mappings in a complete metric space.
Corollary 3.3 [14] Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and letT: X — 2X be a multivalued map such that Tx is a closed bounded subset of X for all x e X. If there exists k e [0,1) such that
H(Tx, Ty) < kd(x, y) for all x, y e X,
then T has a fixed point in X.
Example 3.1 Let X = [0,1] and E be the set of all real-valued functions on X which also have continuous derivatives on X. Then E is a vector space over R under the following operations:
(x + y)(t) = x(t) + y(t), (ax)(t) = ax(t)
for all x,y e E, a e R. That is, E = C^[0,1] with the norm If || = If + |f and
P = {x e E: 0 " x}, where 0 (t) = 0 for all t e X,
then P is a non-normal cone. Define d: X x X — E as follows:
(d(x,y))(t) = |x — y\pet forp > 1.
Then (X, d) is a cone ¿-metric space but not a cone metric space. For x, y, z e X, set u = x—z, v = z — y,sox — y = u + v. From the inequality
(a + b)p < (2 max{a, b})p < 2p(ap + bP) for all a, b > 0,
we have
|x — y|p = |u + v|p < (|u| + |v|)p < 2p(|u|p + |v|p) = 2p(|x — z|p + |z — y|p), |x — y|V < 2p(|x — z|pet + |z — y^e1),
which implies that
d(x,y) ^ r[d(x,z) + d(y,z)\ with r = 2p >1.
|x — yfe1 < |x — z|V + |z — yfe1
is impossible for all x > z > y. Indeed, taking advantage of the inequality
(a + b)p > ap + bp,
we have
|x — y|p > |x — z|p + |z — y|p, |x — y|V > |x — z|V + |z — yfe1
for all x > z > y. Thus the triangular inequality in a cone metric space is not satisfied, so (X, d) is not a cone metric space but is a cone b-metric space. Let T: X — A be such that
0,— , 30
then we have, for x < y,
s(Tx, Ty) = s Since
30 - 30
30 - 30
e* < — |x - y\pet, 3p
3P (|x -y\pef) e s
30 - 30
Hence, for y(d(x, y)) = ^ ,we have
d(x, y)) d(x, y) e s(Tx, Ty). All conditions of our main theorems are satisfied, so T has a fixed point.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions
Allauthors contributed equally and significantly in writing this article. Allauthors read and approved the finalmanuscript. Author details
1 Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan. 2Faculty of MechanicalEngineering, University of Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 16, Beograd, 11120, Serbia.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the editors and the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions which improved greatly the quality of this paper.
Received: 16August2013 Accepted:21 November2013 Published: 12 Dec 2013 References
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Cite this article as: Azam et al.: Multivalued fixed point theorems in cone b-metric spaces. Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2013, 2013:582
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