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## Academic research paper on topic "Fixed point theorems for multivalued maps in cone metric spaces"

﻿0 Fixed Point Theory and Applications

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Fixed point theorems for multivalued maps in cone metric spaces

Seong-Hoon Cho1* and Jong-Sook Bae2

* Correspondence: shcho@hanseo.

department of Mathematics, Hanseo University, Chungnam 356706, South Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

Abstract

The aim of this article is to generalize a result which is obtained by Mizoguchi and Takahashi [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 141, 177-188 (1989)] to the case of cone metric spaces.

MSC: 47H10; 54H25.

Keywords: fixed point, multivalued map, cone metric space

1 Introduction

Banach contraction principle is widely recognized as the source of metric fixed point theory. Also, this principle plays an important role in several branches of mathematics. For instance, it has been used to study the existence of solutions for nonlinear equations, systems of linear equations and linear integral equations and to prove the convergence of algorithms in computational mathematics.

Because of its importance for mathematical theory, Banach contraction principle has been extended in many direction (see [1-8]). Especially, the generalizations to multivalued case are immense too (see [6,9,10]).

Mizoguchi and Takahashi proved the following theorem in [9].

Theorem 1.1. Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and let T: X ® 2X be a multivalued map such that Tx is a closed bounded subset of X for all x L X. If there exists a function 4>\ (0, ® [0,1) such that

lim sup q>(r) < Ifor all t e [0, k)

and if

H(Tx, Ty) < q>(d(x, y))d(x, y) for all x,y e X(x * y), then T has a fixed point in X.

Recently, in [10], the authors introduced a cone metric space which is a generalization of a metric space. They generalized Banach contraction principle for cone metric spaces. Since then, in [11-23], the authors obtained fixed point theorems in cone metric spaces. And the authors [24,25] obtained fixed point results in cone Banach spaces.

The authors [26-28] proved fixed point theorems for multivalued maps in cone metric spaces.

Springer

© 2011 Cho and Bae; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In this article, we extend the Hausdorff distance to cone metric spaces, and generalize Theorem 1.1 to the case of cone metric spaces.

Consistent with Huang and Zhang [17], the following definitions will be needed in the sequel.

Let E be a real Banach space. A subset P of E is a cone if the following conditions are satisfied:

(1) P is nonempty closed and P * {0},

(2) ax + by e P, whenever x, y e P and a, b e R(a, b > 0),

(3) p n (-P) = {0}.

Given a cone P c E, we define a partial ordering < with respect to P by x < y if and only if y - x e P. We write x < y to indicate that x < y but x * y.

For x,y e P, x « y stand for y - x e int(P), where int(P) is the interior of P. A cone P is called normal if there exists a number K >1 such that for all x,y e E, ||x|| < K || y|| whenever 0 < x < y.

A cone P is called regular if every increasing sequence which is bounded from above is convergent. That is, if {un} is a sequence such that for some z e E

u1 < u2 < ■■■ < z,

then there exists u e E such that lim \\un — u|| = 0.

Equivalently, a cone P is regular if and only if every decreasing sequence which is bounded from below is convergent.

It has been mentioned [17] that every regular cone is normal (see also [22]).

From now on, we assume that E is a Banach space, P is a cone in E with int(P) = 0 and < is a partial ordering with respect to P.

Let X be a nonempty set. A mapping d: X x X ® E is called cone metric [17] on X if the following conditions are satisfied:

(1) 0 < d(x, y) for all x, y e X and d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y,

(2) d(x, y) = d(y x) for all x, y e X,

(3) d(x, y) < d(x, z) + d(z, y) for all x, y, z e X.

A sequence {xn} in a cone metric space (X, d) converges [17] to a point x e X (denoted by limn xn = x or xn ® x) if for any c e int(P), there exists N such that for all n > N d(xn, x) « c. A sequence {xn} in a cone metric space (X, d) is Cauchy [17] if for any c e int(P), there exists N such that for all n,m > N, d(xn, xm) « c. A cone metric space (X,d) is called compete [17] if every Cauchy sequence is convergent.

Lemma 1.1. [17]Let (X, d) be a cone metric space and P be a normal cone, and let {xn} be a sequence in X and x,y e X. Then, we have that

(1) limn xn = x if and only if limn d(xn, x) = 0,

(2) {xn} is Cauchy if and only if limn , m d(xn, xm) = 0,

(3) if limn xn = x and limn xn = y, then x = y.

We denote by N(X)(resp. B(X), CB(X)) the set of nonempty(resp. bounded, sequentially closed and bounded) subset of a metric space or a cone metric space.

Let (X, d) be a cone metric space.

From now on, we denote s(p) = {q e E: p < q} for p e E, and s(a, B) = Ub e B s(d(a, b)) for a e X and B e N(X).

For A,B e B(X), we denote

s(A, B) = (na€As(a, B]) p| (nb€Bs(h, A]).

Lemma 1.2. Let (X, d) be a cone metric space, and let P be a cone in Banach space

(1) Let p,q e E. Ifp < q, then s(q) c s(p).

(2) Let x e X and A e N(X). If 0 L s(x, A), then x e A.

(3) Let q e P and let A, B e B(X) and a e A. If q e s(A, B), then q e s(a, B). Remark 1.1. Let (X,d) be a cone metric space. If E = R and P = [0,^), then (X,d) is a

metric space. Moreover, for A, B e CB(X), H(A, B) = inf s(A, B) is the Haus/orf distance induced by d.

Remark 1.2. Let (X, d) be a cone metric space. Then, s({a}, {b}) = s(d(a, b)) for a,b e

Lemma 1.3. If un e E with un ® 0, then for each c e int(P) there exists N such that un « c for all n > N. Proof. Let c e int(P). There exists e >0 such that

\\c — a\\ < e implies a e int(P).

Since ||un|| ® 0, there exists N such that ||un|| < e for all n > N. Thus, we have ||c -(c - un)|| < e and so c - un e int(P) for all n > N. Therefore, un « c for all n > N.

2 Fixed point theorems

Theorem 2.1. Let (X, d) be a complete cone metric space with normal cone P and let T X ® CB(X) be a multivalued map. If there exists a function P ® [0,1) such that

for all x,y e X(x * y), then T has a fixed point in X. Proof. Let x0 e X and xi e Tx0. From (2.1.2), we have

y(d(x0, x1))d(x0, x1) e s(Tx0, Tx1).

Thus, we have by Lemma 1.2 (3), ^>(d(x0, x1))d(x0, x1) e s(x1, Tx1). By definition, we can take x2 e Tx1 such that ^(d(x0, x1))d(x0, x1) e s (d (x1, x2)). So, d(x1, x2) < ^(d(x0, x1))d(x0, x1). Again, we have by (2.1.2), ^(d(x1, x2))d(x1, x2) e s(Tx1, Tx2). Thus, we have ^(d(x1,

x2))d(x1, x2) e s(x2, Tx2).

Thus, we can choose x3 e Tx2 such that ^(d(x1, x2))d(x1, x2) e s(d(x2, x3)) and so d (x2, x3) < ^(d(x1, x2))d(x1, x2). Inductively, we can construct a sequence {xn} in X such that for n = 1, 2,...

d(xn,Xn+i) < y(d(xn—1,Xn))d(xn—i,Xn), Xn+i e Txn. (2.1.3)

If xn = xn+ 1 for some n e N, then T has a fixed point.

lim sup y(rn) < 1

(2.1.1)

for any decreasing sequence {rn} in P, and if

q>(d(X, y))d(X, y) e s(Tx, Ty)

(2.1.2)

We may assume that xn * xn+ i for all n e N. From (2.1.3), {d(xn, xn +1)} is a decreasing sequence in P. From (2.1.1), there exists r e (0,1) such that

lim sup y (d(xn, Xn+i)) = r.

Thus, for any l e (r, 1), there exists n0 e N such that for all n > n0, §(d(xn- 1, xn)) <l.

Without loss of generality, we may assume n0 = 1. Then, we have

d(xu, xu+1 — 1, xn))d(xn— 1, xu) < ld(xn— i,xu) < lnd(xo,xi).

For m > n, we have lu

d{xn,xm) < ---d{x0,xi).

i — l

By Lemma 1.3, {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in X. It follows from the completeness of X that there exists u e X such that limn xn = u.

We now show that u e Tu.

From (2.1.2), we have §(d(xn, u))d(xn, u) e s(Txn, Tu) for n e N. By Lemma 1.2 (3), we obtain

y(d(xn,u))d(xn,u) e s(xu+i, Tu).

Thus, there exists vn e Tu such that

y(d(xn, u))d(xn, u) e s(d(xn+i, Vu)).

Hence, d(xn+ 1, vn) < d(xn, u). Thus, we have

d(u,Vu) < d(u,xn+i) + d(xn+i,Vu) < d(u,xn+i) + d(xmu).

By letting n ® in above inequality and by Lemma 1.1, we have limn d(u, vn) = 0. Again, by Lemma 1.1, limn vn = u. Since Tu is closed, u e Tu.

Remark 2.1. (1) By Remark 1.1, Theorem 2.1 generalize Theorem 1.1 [Theorem 5, 13].

(2) The authors [26,28] obtained fixed point theorems for multivalued maps T defined on cone metric spaces (X, d) under assumption that the function I(x) = infx e Tx \ \d(x, y)|| is lower semicontinuous, and the author [27]obtained a fixed point theorem for multivalued maps T under assumptions that the function I(x), x e X is lower semicon-tinuous and a dynamic process is given.

(3) In [26-28], the authors do not use the concept of the Hausdorff metric on cone metric spaces, and their results cannot be applied directly to obtain the following corollaries 2.2-2.5.

Collorary 2.2. Let (X, d) be a complete cone metric space with normal cone P and let T: X ® CB(X) be a multivalued map. If there exists a monotone increasing function P ® [0,1) such that

y(d(x, y))d(x, y) e s(Tx, Ty) for all x,y e X(x * y), then T has a fixed point in X.

The following result is Nadler multivalued contraction fixed point theorem in cone metric space.

Collorary 2.3. Let (X, d) be a complete cone metric space with normal cone P and let T: X ® CB(X) be a multivalued map. If there exists a constant k e [0, 1) such that

kd(x, y) e s(Tx, Ty)

for all x,y e X, then T has a fixed point in X. By Remark 1.1, we have the following corollaries.

Collorary 2.4. [29]Let (X, d) be a complete metric space and let T: X ® CB(X) be a multivalued map. If there exists a monotone increasing function 4>: (0, ® [0, 1) such that

H(Tx, Ty) < q>(d(x, y))d(x, y) for all x,y e X(x * y), then T has a fixed point in X.

Collorary 2.5. [6]Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and let T: X ® CB(X) be a multivalued map. If there exists a constant k e [0, 1) such that

H(Tx, Ty) < kd(x, y)

for all x,y e X, then T has a fixed point in X. The following example illustrates our main theorem.

Example 2.1. Let X = Lx[0, 1], E = C[0,1] and P = {f e E: f > 0}. Then, P is a normal

cone with normal constant K = 1. Define d: X x X ® E by

sider a mapping T: X ® CB(X) defined by

d(f, g)(t) = \f M - g(x)\ dx, where 0 < t < 1. Then, d is a cone metric on X. Con-

(Tf)(x) = y(f(y) - 1)dy.

Let <p(t) = \ for all t î P. Obviously, condition (2.1.1) is satisfied. We show that condition (2.1.2) is satisfied. Consider the following inequality.

d(Tf, Tg)(t)

pt nX nX

= \ y(f (y) - 1)dy - y(g(y) - 1)dy|dx Jo Jo Jo

p t /» x

= / \ / y(f (y) - g(y))dy\dx

y\f (y) - g(y)\dydx

ny\f (y) - g(y)ldxdy = i (t - y)y\f (y) - g(y)|dy

J 4\f№-g(y)\dy 1 it

- \f№-g(y)\dy

K to 4' 1t

= ld{f,g)(t).

Thus, we have \d(f, g) e s(d(Tf, Tg)) = s(Tf, Tg). Hence, <p(d(f, g))d(f, g) = ±d(f, g) e s(Tf, Tg).

Therefore, all conditions of Theorem 2.1 are satisfied and T has a fixed point

f * (x) = —e 2 + 1 •

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the NationalResearch Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No. 2011-0012118). The authors express their gratitude to the referees for usefulremarks and suggestions.

Author details

department of Mathematics, Hanseo University, Chungnam 356-706, South Korea 2Department of Mathematics, Moyngji University, Yongin 449-728, South Korea

Authors' contributions

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Received: 9 July 2011 Accepted: 25 November 2011 Published: 25 November 2011

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doi:10.1186/1687-1812-2011-87

Cite this article as: Cho and Bae: Fixed point theorems for multivalued maps in cone metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2011 2011:87.

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