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ELSEVIER Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 100 (2004) 95-109
www.elsevier.com/locate/entcs
The Homotopy Branching Space of a Flow
Philippe Gaucher
Preuves Programmes et Systèmes Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot Case 7014 2 Place Jussieu 75251 PARIS Cedex 05 France
http: //www. pps. jussieu. fr/ ~gaucher/
Abstract
In this talk, I will explain the importance of the homotopy branching space functor (and of the homotopy merging space functor) in dihomotopy theory.
Keywords: concurrency, homotopy, homotopy colimit, model category, simplicial model category, exact sequence, cone, homology, localization
1 Introduction
In [10], the reader will be able to find a survey of the different geometric approaches of concurrency. The model category of flows was introduced in [8] to model higher dimensional automata (HDA). It allows the study of HDA up to homotopy (cf. also [6,7]). A good notion of homotopy of flows must preserve the computer scientific properties of the HDA to be modeled like the initial and final states, the deadlocks and the unreachable states. In particular, it must preserve the direction of time, hence the terminology dihomotopy for a contraction of directed homotopy. This way, instead of working in the category of flows itself, one can work in the localization of the category of flows with respect to dihomotopy equivalences.
I will explain in this talk the powerfulness of the homotopy branching space functor in dihomotopy theory. The corresponding papers are "Homotopy
1571-0661/$ - see front matter © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2004.08.015
branching space and weak dihomotopy" [4] and "A long exact sequence for the branching homology" [3].
2 Model category
If C is a category, one denotes by Map(C) the category whose objects are the morphisms of C and whose morphisms are the commutative squares of C.
In a category C, an object x is a retract of an object y if there exists f : x —► y and g : y —► x of C such that g o f = Idx. A functorial factorization (a,0) of C is a pair of functors from Map(C) to Map(C) such that for any f object of Map(C), f = 0(f) o a(f).
Definition 2.1 [12,11] Let i : A —► B and p : X —► Y be maps in a category C. Then i has the left lifting property (LLP) with respect to p (or p has the right lifting property (RLP) with respect to i) if for any commutative square
9/ ^ B-^Y
there exists g making both triangles commutative.
There are several versions of the notion of model category. The following definitions give the one we are going to use.
Definition 2.2 [12,11] A model structure on a category C is three subcategories of Map(C) called weak equivalences, cofibrations, and fibrations, and two functorial factorizations (a,^) and (7,8) satisfying the following properties :
(i) (2-out-of-3) If f and g are morphisms of C such that g o f is defined and two of f, g and g o f are weak equivalences, then so is the third.
(ii) (Retracts) If f and g are morphisms of C such that f is a retract of g and g is a weak equivalence, cofibration, or fibration, then so is f.
(iii) (Lifting) Define a map to be a trivial cofibration if it is both a cofibration and a weak equivalence. Similarly, define a map to be a trivial fibration if it is both a fibration and a weak equivalence. Then trivial cofibrations have the LLP with respect to fibrations, and cofibrations have the LLP with respect to trivial fibrations.
(iv) (Factorization) For any morphism f, a(f) is a cofibration, 0(f) a trivial fibration, Y(f) is a trivial cofibration , and 8(f) is a fibration.
Definition 2.3 [12,11] A model category is a complete and cocomplete category C together with a model structure on C.
Proposition and Definition 2.4 [12,11] A Quillen adjunction is a pair of adjoint functors F : C ^ D : G between the model categories C and D such that one of the following equivalent properties holds:
(i) if f is a cofibration (resp. a trivial cofibration), then so does F(f)
(ii) if g is a fibration (resp. a trivial fibration), then so does G(g).
One says that F is a left Quillen functor. One says that G is a right Quillen functor.
Definition 2.5 [12,11] An object X of a model category C is cofibrant (resp. fibrant) if and only if the canonical morphism 0 —► X from the initial object of C to X (resp. the canonical morphism X —► 1 from X to the final object 1) is a cofibration (resp. a fibration).
For any object X of a model category, the canonical morphism 0X : 0 —► X from the initial object to X can be factored as a composite
0 a(0-Y) -,Q(X) /3(0-Y)
where, by definition, Q(X) is a cofibrant object which is weakly equivalent to X. The functor Q : C —► C is called the cofibrant replacement functor.
3 Reminder about the category of flows
In the sequel, any topological space will be supposed to be compactly generated (more details for this kind of topological spaces in [1,14], the appendix of [13] and also the preliminaries of [8]).
Let n ^ 1. Let Dn be the closed n-dimensional disk. Let Sn-1 = dDn be the boundary of Dn for n ^ 1. Notice that S0 is the discrete two-point topological space {—1, +1}. Let D0 be the one-point topological space. Let S-1 = 0 be the empty set. The following theorem is well-known.
Theorem 3.1 [11,12] The category of compactly generated topological spaces Top can be given a model structure such that:
(i) The weak equivalences are the weak homotopy equivalences.
(ii) The fibrations (sometime called Serre fibrations) are the continuous maps satisfying the RLP (right lifting property) with respect to the continuous maps Dn —► [0,1] x Dn such that x ^ (0, x) and for n ^ 0.
(iii) The cofibrations are the continuous maps satisfying the LLP (left lifting property) with respect to any maps satisfying the RLP with respect to the inclusion maps Sn-1 —► Dn.
(iv) Any topological space is fibrant.
(v) The homotopy equivalences arising from this model structure coincide with the usual one.
Definition 3.2 [8] A flow X consists of a topological space PX, a discrete space X0, two continuous maps s and t from PX to X0 and a continuous and associative map * : {(x,y) G PX x PX; t(x) = s(y)} —► PX such that s(x * y) = s(x) and t(x * y) = t(y). A morphism of flows f : X —► Y consists of a set map f0 : X0 —► Y0 together with a continuous map Pf : PX —► PY such that f (s(x)) = s(f (x)), f(t(x)) = t(f (x)) and f(x * y) = f (x) * f(y). The corresponding category will be denoted by Flow.
The topological space X0 is called the 0-skeleton of X. The topological space PX is called the path space and its elements the non constant execution paths of X. The initial object 0 of Flow is the empty set. The terminal object 1 is the flow defined by 10 = {0}, P1 = {u} and necessarily u * u = u.
Definition 3.3 [8] Let Z be a topological space. Then the globe of Z is the flow Glob(Z) defined as follows: Glob(Z)0 = {0,1}, PGlob(Z) = Z, s = 0, t =1 and the composition law is trivial.
Theorem 3.4 [8] The category of flows can be given a model structure such that:
(i) The weak equivalences are the weak S-homotopy equivalences, that is a morphism of flows f : X —► Y such that f : X0 —► Y0 is an isomorphism of sets and f : PX —► PY a weak homotopy equivalence of topological spaces.
(ii) The fibrations are the continuous maps satisfying the RiLP with respect to the morphisms Glob(Dn) —► Glob([0,1] x Dn) for n ^ 0. The fibrations are exactly the morphisms of flows f : X —► Y such that Pf : PX —► PY is a Serre fibration of Top.
(iii) The cofibrations are the morphisms satisfying the LLP with respect to any map satisfying the RiLP with respect to the morphisms Glob(Sn-1) —► Glob(Dn) for n ^ 0 and with respect to the morphisms 0 —► {0} and {0,1} — {0}.
(iv) Any flow is fibrant.
Let Igl be the set of morphisms of flows Glob(Sn-1) ^ Glob(Dn) for n ^ 0. Denote by I+ be the union of Ig1 with the two morphisms of flows
R : {0,1} ^ {0} and C : 0 C {0}.
Definition 3.5 [4] An Ig-cell complex is a flow X such that the canonical morphism of flows 0 —► X from the initial object of Flow to X is a transfinite composition of pushouts of elements of Ig1. The full and faithful subcategory of Flow whose objects are the Ig-cell complexes will be denoted by Igcell.
The category Igcell of Ig-cell complexes is a subcategory of the category of flows which is sufficient to model higher dimensional automata (HDA), at least those modeled by precubical sets [9,2]. This geometric model of HDA is designed to define and study equivalence relations preserving the computer-scientific properties of the HDA to be modeled so that it then suffices to work in convenient localizations of Ig1 cell. The properties which are preserved are for instance the initial or final states, the presence or not of deadlocks and of unreachable states [8].
The cofibrant replacement functor is a functor Q : Flow —► Ig1 cell. The flows coming from concrete HDAs are all cofibrant.
4 The homotopy branching space functor
The branching space of a flow is the space of germs of non-constant execution paths beginning in the same way. The branching space functor P- from the category of flows Flow to the category of compactly generated topological spaces Top was also introduced in [8] to fit the definition of the branching semi-globular nerve of a strict globular w-category modeling an HDA introduced in [5].
Proposition 4.1 [8,4] Let X be a flow. There exists a topological space P-X unique up to homeomorphism and a continuous map h- : PX —► P-X satisfying the following universal property:
(i) For any x and y in PX such that t(x) = s(y), the equality h-(x) = h-(x * y) holds.
(ii) Let fi : PX —► Y be a continuous map such that for any x and y of
PA' such that t(x) = $(y), the equality <f>(x) = <f>(x * y) holds. Then there exists a unique continuous map </> : P~A~ —► Y such that <j> = <j> o hr.
Moreover, one has the homeomorphism
P-X = ¡J P-X
where P-X := h- ( LLeXo Pa,ßX J. The mapping X ^ P-X yields a functor
P- from Flow to Top.
Definition 4.2 [8,4] Let X be a flow. The topological space P-X is called the branching space of the flow X.
Proposition 4.3 [4] There exists a weak S-homotopy equivalence of flows f : X —► Y such that the topological spaces P-X and P-Y are not weakly homotopy equivalent.
The idea for the proof of Proposition 4.3 is as follows. For a given flow X, by Proposition 4.1, the topological space P-X is the coequalizer of the continuous map PX xXo PX —► PX induced by the composition law of X and of the projection map PX xXo PX —► PX on the first factor. And one cannot expect a coequalizer to transform a objectwise weak homotopy equivalence into a weak homotopy equivalence. One must use a kind of homotopy coequalizer instead.
If two flows are weakly S-homotopy equivalent, then they are supposed to satisfy the same computer-scientific properties. With the example above, one obtains two such flows but with very different branching spaces. But
Theorem 4.4 [4] If f : X —► Y is a weak S-homotopy equivalence of flows between cofibrant flows, then the topological spaces P-X and P-Y are homotopy equivalent.
This suggests that the definition of the branching space is the good one up to homotopy for cofibrant flows. Indeed, we have the theorems:
Theorem 4.5 [4] There exists a functor C- : Top —► Flow such that the pair of functors P- : Flow ^ Top : C- is a Quillen adjunction. In particular, there is an homeomorphism P-(lim Xi) = lim P-X^
Definition 4.6 The homotopy branching space hoP- X of a flow X is by definition the topological space P-Q(X).
Theorem 4.7 [4] The functor hoP- : Flow —► Top —► Ho(Top) satisfies the following universal property: if F : Flow —► Ho(Top) is another functor sending weak S-homotopy equivalences to isomorphisms and if there exists a natural transformation F ^ P-, then the latter natural transformation factors uniquely as a composite F ^ hoP- ^ P-.
Up to homotopy, the homotopy branching space hoP-(X) is well-defined and coincides with P-X for any cofibrant flow, so in particular for any flow coming from a HDA. The behavior of the branching space functor and the homotopy branching space functor are the same up to homotopy for flows modeling HDAs and may differ for other flows.
5 The homotopy merging space functor
This is the dual version of the preceding functor. Some results are collected in this section about it.
Proposition 5.1 [4] Let X be a flow. There exists a topological space P+X unique up to homeomorphism and a continuous map h+ : PX —► P+X satisfying the following universal property:
(i) For any x and y in PX such that t(x) = s(y), the equality h+(y) = h+(x * y) holds.
(ii) Let fi : PX —► Y be a continuous map such that for any x and y of
PA' such that t(x) = $(y), the equality <f>(y) = <f>(x * y) holds. Then there exists a unique continuous map </> : P+A' —► Y such that </> = </> o /]+.
Moreover, one has the homeomorphism
P+X = y P+X
a£X°
where P+X := h+ ° P^X^. The mapping X ^ P+X yields a functor
P+ : Flow —► Top.
Definition 5.2 [4] Let X be a flow. The topological space P+X is called the merging space of the flow X.
Theorem 5.3 [4] There exists a functor C+ : Top —► Flow such that the pair of functors P+ : Flow ^ Top : C + is a Quillen adjunction. In particular, there is an homeomorphism P+(lim Xi) = limP+Xi.
Definition 5.4 [4] The homotopy merging space hoP+ X of a flow X is by definition the topological space P+Q(X).
Theorem 5.5 [4] The functor hoP+ : Flow —► Top —► Ho(Top) satisfies the following universal property: if F : Flow —► Ho(Top) is another functor sending weak S-homotopy equivalences to isomorphisms and if there exists a natural transformation F ^ P+, then the latter natural transformation factors uniquely as a composite F ^ hoP+ ^ P+.
6 First application: studying weak dihomotopy
The class S of weak S-homotopy equivalences is an example of class of mor-phisms of flows which is supposed to preserve various computer-scientific properties. This class of morphisms of flows satisfies the following properties:
(i) The two-out-of-three axiom, that is if two of the three morphisms f, g and g o f belong to S, then so does the third one: this condition means that the class S defines an equivalence relation.
(ii) The embedding functor I : I+cell —► Flow induces a functor I : Igcell[S-1] —► Flow[S-1 ] between the localization of respectively the category of Ig-cell complexes and the category of flows with respect to weak S-homotopy equivalences which is an equivalence of categories. In particular, it reflects isomorphisms, that is X = Y if and only if I(A') = I{Y). In this case, one can use the whole category of flows which is a richer mathematical framework.
The class of T-homotopy equivalences was introduced in [8] to identify Ig1-cell complexes equivalent from a computer-scientific viewpoint and which are not identified in Ig1 cell[S-1]. Indeed, if two objects X and Y of Ig1 cell[S-1] are isomorphic, then the 0-skeletons X0 and Y0 are isomorphic. The merging of the notions of weak S-homotopy equivalence and T-homotopy equivalence yields the class ST0 of 0-dihomotopy equivalences.
Definition 6.1 [8] Let X be a flow. Let A and B be two subsets of X0. One says that A is surrounded by B (in X) if for any a e A, either a e B or there exists execution paths y1 and y2 of PX such that s(y1) e B, t(Y1) = s(y2) = a and ¿(y2) e B. We denote this situation by A < B.
Definition 6.2 [8] Let X be a flow. Let A be a subset of X0. Then the restriction X |A of X over A is the unique flow such that (X |A)0 = A and
P (X U)= U p^ X
(a„3)eAxA
equipped with the topology induced by the one of PX.
Definition 6.3 [8] A morphism of flows f : X —► Y is a 0-dihomotopy equivalence if and only if the following conditions are satisfied :
(i) The morphism of flows f : X —► Y |f (X0) is a weak S-homotopy equivalence of flows. In particular, the set map f0 : X0 —► Y0 is one-to-one.
(ii) For a e Y0\f (X0), the topological spaces P-Y and P+Y are singletons.
(iii) Y0 <<< f (X0).
The class of 0-dihomotopy equivalences is denoted by ST0.
But it turns out that
Theorem 6.4 [4] The functor Ig'cell[Sr-1] —► Flow[ST-1] does not reflect isomorphisms. More precisely, there exists an Ig-cell complex C3 cor-
responding to the concurrent execution of three calculations which is not isomorphic in I+1 cell [ST-1] to the directed segment I, although the same flow C3 is isomorphic to I in Flow[ST-1].
The correct behavior is the one of ST0 in Flow [ST-1]. Indeed, an HDA representing the concurrent execution of n processes must be equivalent to the directed segment in a good homotopical approach of concurrency. The interpretation of this fact is therefore that the class ST0 of 0-dihomotopy equivalences is not big enough.
Definition 6.5 [4] A morphism of flows f : X —► Y is a 1-dihomotopy equivalence if and only if the following conditions are satisfied :
(i) The morphism of flows f : X —► Y |f (X°) is a weak S-homotopy equivalence of flows. In particular, the set map f0 : X0 —► Y0 is one-to-one.
(ii) For a e Y0\f (X0), the topological spaces P-Y and P+Y are weakly contractible.
(iii) Y0 <<< f (X0).
The class of 1-dihomotopy equivalences is denoted by ST 1.
Any 0-dihomotopy equivalence is of course a 1-dihomotopy equivalence. Moreover, the composite of a weak S-homotopy equivalence with a T-homoto-py equivalence can already give an element of ST 1\ST0 ! And
Theorem 6.6 [4] By slightly weakening the notion of T-homotopy as above, one obtains a class of morphisms ST 1 with ST0 c ST 1 and such that the flows C3 and I become isomorphic in the localization i+cell[ST-1].
There are actually two natural ways of weakening the definition of ST0. One can replace in the statement the word singleton either by the word weakly contractible, or by the word contractible. This way, one obtains another class of morphisms ST'1 with ST'1 c ST1 and one has:
Theorem 6.7 [4] The localizations I+1cell[ST'1 1] and I+1 cell [ST-1] are equivalent.
Unfortunately, one has
Proposition 6.8 [4] The composite of two morphisms of ST 1 does not necessarily belong to ST 1.
Using the homotopy branching space functor, a new class ST2 of mor-phisms of flows is introduced.
Definition 6.9 [4] A morphism of flows f : X —► Y is a 2-dihomotopy equivalence if and only if the following conditions are satisfied :
(i) The morphism of flows f : X —► Y |f (Xo) is a weak S-homotopy equivalence of flows. In particular, the set map f0 : X0 —► Y0 is one-to-one.
(ii) For a e Y0\f (X0), the topological spaces hoP- Y and hoP+ Y are weakly contractible.
(iii) Y0 < f (X0).
The class of 2-dihomotopy equivalences is denoted by ST2. And:
Theorem 6.10 [4] One has the equivalence of categories
Ig'cellfST^1] —^Ig'cellfST^1]
where lgcell[ST-1] (resp. lgcell[ST-1]) is the localization of the category of Ig-cell complexes with respect to 1-dihomotopy equivalences (resp. 2-dihomotopy equivalences). ST2 is closed under composition. Moreover the embedding functor I: Igcell —► Flow induces an equivalence of categories
In particular, the functor Ig1 cell [ST-1] —► Flow [ST-1] reflects isomorphisms.
The property f e ST2 and g o f e ST2 g e ST2 has no reasons to be satisfied by 2-dihomotopy equivalences. Indeed, if both g o f and f are two one-to-one set maps, then g has no reasons to be one-to-one as well. Therefore in order to understand the isomorphisms of Flow[ST-1], we may introduce another construction.
Definition 6.11 [4] Let X be a flow. Then a subset A of X0 is essential if X0 < A and if for any a e A, both topological spaces hoP- X and hoP+ X are weakly contractible.
Definition 6.12 [4] A morphism of flows f : X —► Y is a 3-dihomotopy equivalence if the following conditions are satisfied :
(i) A c X0 is essential if and only if f (A) c Y0 is essential
(ii) for any essential A c X0 there exists an essential subset B c A such that the restriction f : X \B —► Y |f (B) is a weak S-homotopy equivalence.
The class of 3-dihomotopy equivalences is denoted by ST3.
Theorem 6.13 [4] The localizations Ig1cell[ST-1] and Ig1cell[ST-1] are equivalent and the class of morphisms ST3 satisfies the two-out-of-three axiom.
Moreover the embedding functor I : I+cell —► Flow induces an equivalence of categories
I: ifcell^Tg1]-
In particular, the functor I+1cell[5T3 phisms.
-Flow[ST-1].
—► Flow [ST-1] reflects isomor-
The class ST2 does not satisfy the two-out-of-three axiom but is invariant by retract. The class ST3 does satisfy the two-out-of-three axiom but is probably not invariant by retract. So none of the definitions above allows to describe the isomorphisms of Igcell[ST-1]. The situation can be summarized with the following diagram:
Ideell.
If cellos-1] —^ if cell
STq1] —^^ if cell
Flow[5_1] —FlowfST^1] -?? > Flow [ST^1] •
ST^1] Jfcell^T^1] ~ I^ceWlSTz1]
-Flow^T^1] ~ Flow[5Tg 1]
- Flow"
The symbol means that we do not know whether the functor is an equivalence of categories or not. The symbol ^ means that the corresponding functor is not an equivalence.
7 Second application: a long exact sequence for the branching homology
The category of flows is a simplicial model category [3] in the following sense:
Definition 7.1 [15,12,11] x A simplicial model category is a model category C together with a simplicial set Map(X, Y) for any object X and Y of C satisfying the following axioms:
(i) the set Map(X, Y)0 is canonically isomorphic to C (X, Y)
(ii) for any object X, Y and Z, there is a morphism of simplicial sets
Map(Y, Z) x Map(X, Y) —► Map(X, Z)
which is associative
(iii) for any object X of C and any simplicial set K, there exists an object X ® K of C such that there exists a natural isomorphism of simplicial
Map(X ® K, Y) = Map(K, Map(X, Y))
(iv) for any object X of C and any simplicial set K, there exists an object XK such that there exists a natural isomorphism of simplicial sets
Map(X, YK) = Map(K, Map(X, Y))
(v) for any cofibration i : A —► B and any fibration p : X —► Y of C, the morphism of simplicial sets
Q(i,p) : Map(B, X) Map(A,X) XMap(A,Y) Map(B, Y)
is a fibration of simplicial sets. Moreover if either i or p is trivial, then the fibration Q(i,p) is trivial as well.
Recall that there exists a pair of adjoint functors | — | : SSet ^ Top : S* where |-| is the geometric realization functor and S* the singular nerve functor. The n-simplex of SSet is denoted by A[n]. Its boundary is denoted by dA[n — 1]. Let An be the n-dimensional simplex.
The category of compactly generated topological spaces Top is a simplicial model category by setting Map(X, Y)n := Top(X X An,Y), X®K := X x|K| and XK := TOP(|K|,X). The category of simplicial sets SSet is a simplicial model category as well by setting Map(X, Y)n := Top(X X A[n],Y), X®K := X X K and XK := Map(K,X) [15].
This means that the model category of flows can be enriched over the category of simplicial sets and that the enrichment is compatible with the model structure in the sense of Definition 7.1. The symbol An is the simplicial set corresponding to the n-dimensional simplex.
Because of the existence of this enrichment, there exist explicit formulae for homotopy colimits [11]. In particular, the homotopy pushout of a diagram of flows looks as follows:
Definition 7.2 [11] The homotopy pushout of the diagram of flows
is the colimit of the diagram of flows
.4 O A0-*~A O A1
It is then very easy to prove the:
Theorem 7.3 [3] Let X be a diagram of flows. Then the topological spaces holimhoP- (X) and hoP-(holim X) are homotopy equivalent (they are both cofibrant indeed). So in particular, the homotopy branching space functor commutes with homotopy pushouts.
Definition 7.4 [3] Let f : X —► Y be a morphism of flows. The cone Cf of f is the homotopy pushout in the category of flows
A' —Y --Cf
where 1 is the terminal flow. From the theorem
Theorem 7.5 [3] The homotopy branching space of the terminal flow is con-tractible.
one can easily deduce a long exact sequence for the branching homology.
Definition 7.6 [3] Let X be a flow. Then the (n + 1)st branching homology group H-+ x(X) is defined as the nst homology group of the augmented simplicial set N"(X) defined as follows:
(i) Nn-(X) = S„(hoP- X) for n ^ 0
(ii) N-1(X) = X0
(iii) the augmentation map e : S0(hoP- X) —► X0 is induced by the mapping Y ^ s(y) from hoP- X = S0(hoP- X) to X0.
Theorem 7.7 [3] For any flow X, one has (i) H0-(X) = ZX0/1m(s)
(ii) the short exact sequence
0 - H-(X) - H0(hoP- X) - Z hoP- X/Ker(s) - 0
(iii) H-+i(X) = H„(hoP- X) for n > 1.
Theorem 7.8 [3] For any morphism of flows f : X —► Y, one has the long exact sequence
••• - H-(X) - H-(Y) - H-(Cf) - ...
... - h-(X) - H-(Y) - H-(Cf) -
H2-(X) - H2-(Y) - H-(Cf) -
H0(hoP- X) - H0 (hoP- Y) - H0 (hoP- Cf) - 0.
The functors X - H-(X ) for n ^ 0 are invariant up to 2-dihomotopy equivalence. The functor X - H0(hoP- X ) is only invariant up to weak S-homotopy equivalence. So the long exact sequence above is not satisfactory. It still remains to find an exact sequence whose each term would be a functor invariant up to 2-dihomotopy equivalence.
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