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& e. . Procedía
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Procedía Engineering 205 (2017) 3373-3380
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, ISHVAC2017, 1922 October 2017, Jinan, China
Study on the Measurement of Indoor Environment Quality and Enclosure Structure Thermal Defects of Green Residential Buildings in Severe Cold Areas
Liang Yua*, Haixu Wangb , Xiaotong Wang , Guohui Feng
"Shenyang Jianzhu University,No.9,Hunnan East Road ,Hunnan New District, Shenyang 110168, China bShenyang Jianzhu University,No.9,Hunnan East Road ,Hunnan New District, Shenyang 110168, China
Abstract
In order to understand the actual effect of green residential building in the running stage, In this paper, a residential building project with a green certification in a cold area is selected as the measured object, through two aspects of on-site testing: measurement of indoor environment quality and enclosure structure thermal defects. The contents mainly include: indoor thermal environment, light environment, sound environment and thermal defects of the outer window. The test results show that the indoor environmental quality of the green residential building in the actual operation is full of "Assessment standard for green building "GBT50378-2014 requirements. At the same time, the infrared analysis software was used to analyze the thermal defect test results of exterior windows, and there were obvious thermal defects in some windows of the building.
©2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
Keywords: Green residential building; Operation phase; Indoor environment quality; Thermal Defects in Transparent Enclosure Structures;
1. Introduction
In recent years, China's green building development scale keeps rising sharply. By September 30th, 2016, the nation has named 4515 items of the green building evaluation projects, a total construction area of 520 million m2.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-15840391122 E-mail address: sy_yuliang@163.com
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and
Air Conditioning.
10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.844
Among them, 4246 designs are logo projects, accounting for 94% of the total evaluation projects, and construction area of 486.4 million m2. The operation logo projects is 269, accounting for 6% of the total, building area of 36.8 million m2 [1]. The above data show that the number of green building design logo certification projects is significantly more than the number of operational certification project and it has become a development of imbalance [2]. According to the research, part of the green building does not meet the design of the expected energy-saving effect, the indoor environment quality is not all better than ordinary buildings. Due to the lack of a large number of operational data and effective evaluation methods, the evaluation of green building cannot reflect the "green building". So in order to further clarify the actual operation of green building effect, in this paper, the three-star green building design certification project is selected as the research object, and the indoor environmental quality and the thermal defects of the enclosure structure are experimental studied, to provide reference for the development of green building.
2.Methods
2.1 Project overview
Project is located in the cold C area, the residential areas of the project include the residential areas, commercial residential areas and mixed functional areas, the distribution is shown in Fig.1. Among them, the commercial residential area of 2 # and 3 # in 2012 to obtain green building three-star design logo certification. The basic information of the project is shown in Table 1. The project uses a number of green building technical measures, including: the optimal design of the envelope structure, radiant floor heating technology, lighting technology, residential assembly technology, water-saving technology, intelligent systems, etc. The application of green building technology is shown in table 2. The real map of the project are shown in Fig.2 .
Table 1 Project Basic Information Table
Name Project overall Commercial residential areas 2# and 3# Building
Construction time March 2011 March 2011 March 2011
Completion time May 2016 September 2013 September 2013
Total construction area 567960.6m2 348343m2 22587m2
Area covered 81360m2 56909m2 22587m2
Volume rate 5.3 4.469 —
Greening rate 31.73% 41.35% —
Number of households 2716 1432 120
Fig. 1 Project functional zoning Fig.2 Project real picture
Table 2 Green building technology application
Enclosure structure Building shape factor 0.23
insulation technology Roof heat transfer coefficient 0.33W/(m2K)
External wall heat transfer coefficient 0.38W/(m2K)
Outside window heat transfer coefficient 1.60W/(m2K)
East 0.05
Window West 0.31
wall ratio South 0.05
North 0.2
Floor radiant heating technology
Lighting technology
Residential assembly technology
Water saving technology Intelligent system
Users can independently adjust the indoor temperature, easy to measure
Lamps use three-color fluorescent lamps or LED light source, and fluorescent lamp with inductance ballast comes with capacitor compensation device, power factor> 0.9
Using civil and decoration design and construction integration, building energy consumption is reduced by 20%, construction water consumption, concrete loss and consumption are reduced by 60%, wood loss and construction waste are reduced by
Rainwater collection Self-built water station, collecting domestic sewage Landscape irrigation is micro-sprinkler irrigation
The project has cable TV system, telephone system, broadband network, video intercom system, monitoring system, fire broadcasting system.
2.2 Experimental study
In order to make clear the actual operation effect of research project in the running stage, and further enhance the comprehensive environmental performance, this paper focuses on the two aspects of the indoor environmental quality and the enclosure structure thermal defects of the study object. The indoor environmental quality measured contents mainly include: indoor thermal environment, light environment and sound environment .Test details are shown in table 3. The measurement of thermal defects of building envelope is the internal surface defect detection, and the imaging is collected by infrared thermal imager, and the software is analyzed by Smart View software.
Table 3 Measured content schedule
Measured content
Measured instrument
Measured date
Indoor temperature Indoor humidity Illumination Noise level Thermal Defects in Enclosure Structures
Temperature and humidity from the instrument Illumination photometer Sound level mete
Infrared thermal imager
DIGITAL LUX METER HS5633A
Fluke TiR1
January 16, 2017 -February 14, 2017 January 16, 2017 January 16, 2017
January 16, 2017
Fig. 3 Measured instrument photos 2.3 Household information
Fig. 4 Building plan
The measured object is selected as a household of the project. The tenant is located in the East Gate, and the construction unit is two rooms and one hall. The area is 61 square meters and the resident population is 3 (80's young couple and children under one year old). The architectural plan is shown in Fig.5.
3. Results
3.1 Indoor Environment Quality Test a. Indoor thermal environment
Measured object is located in the cold area, and the indoor temperature and humidity change can better reflect the comfort of indoor thermal and humid environment [3]. So the measured use of RR002 model temperature and humidity self-recording instrument for continuous testing, automatic data recording interval is 10min. The measured results are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Monthly average temperature and humidity of each room
Room function Living Room Room1 Room2 Study Room Toilet Kitchen
Temperature Monthly Mean (° C) 22.16 20.44 20.71 22.76 20.53 23.07
Humidity Monthly Mean (%) 40.36 49.02 47.55 41.66 44.63 43.64
According to the" Assessment standard for green building" GBT50378-2014, it can be seen that indoor thermal and humidity environment in the household room meets the requirements of the standard indoor and thermal environment. The living room, study room and bathroom temperature has reached the standard in the provisions of the I comfort level, the rest of the room reached a Class II comfort level. The master room, second room and kitchen temperature is lower than the temperature of other rooms. The main reasons are considered as follows: The tenant is the East Gate of the unit building, the room1 has two walls is outside envelope structure, resulting in the room1 indoor temperature is low; Although the room2 has only one wall for the building outer envelope, but the room2 is for the baby to live. In order to ensure the quality of indoor air, households will be in the form of natural ventilation to increase the number of indoor ventilation, so the room2 indoor temperature is lower than other rooms. Kitchen is the open kitchen, the kitchen windows remain open during the day, indoor and outdoor air flow, resulting in low temperature.
t > rre) H (*)
Kitchen Toilet -1-Outdoor Max - Outdoor Min —"— Irvill)' torn ■ '-|.|'lll RoomZ K Study Room * Kitchen Toilet
Fig. 5 Indoor and outdoor temperature curve Fig. 6 Indoor humidity curve
Fig. 5 and Fig.6 is the mean change chart of daily temperature and humidity during the test, It can be seen from the graph that the temperature and humidity of each room during the period from January 28th to February 4th were
lower than those of other time periods. The main reasons are as follows: It can be seen in the figure from January 28 to February 4, the outdoor temperature drop caused the decrease of indoor temperature. In addition, this time period is before and after the Spring Festival, building's personnel mob the fresh air. The opening outer window and outer door caused a decrease of the indoor temperature and humidity.
b. Indoor sound environment
In order to understand the noise situation in the building, the sound level meter is used to test the sound level of each function room in the building, the indoor windows are closed when we test (test in daytime). The test results are shown in Fig.7.
Fig. 7 Each room A weighted sound level bar chart
According to the "Assessment standard for green building" GBT50378-2014 for the evaluation of the indoor acoustic environment of buildings, the results are mainly obtained by A weighting. It is found that the noise of each room of the measured object satisfies the noise requirement of the building in the standard, that is ,the noise level LA of each room is lower than the "Code for design of sound insulation of civil buildings" GB50118-2010 in the provisions of the daytime allowable noise standard value of 45dB.
c. Indoor light environment
Measured object is a high-rise building, the surrounding buildings have no blocking phenomenon, and the living space has a good vision. In the light environment test, the center point method is used to arrange the measuring points in each function room (as shown in Figure 3) .The illumination of the building is tested at the measuring point using the illumination photometer. Test results are shown in Fig.8.
Fig. 8 Illuminance value of each room
According to the " Assessment standard for green building " GBT50378 - 2014 in the interior of the building lighting requirements, the illumination of each room of the house has reached the standard value of illumination of each function room in the "Building lighting design standard "GB 50034-2013.
Through the test of the indoor environment quality of the project, we can see the project in the actual operation of the indoor thermal environment, sound environment, light environment meet the relevant provisions in "Assessment standard for green building" GBT50378-2014. In the process of operation, the actual operation results meet the design expectations and provide a healthy and comfortable green living environment for users.
3.2 Thermal Defects Test of Enclosure Structure
Building envelope performance is a key factor which affects the building heat loss, it is an important part of solving high quality environmental performance and the fundamental way to achieve green building energy efficiency[4]. Therefore, this paper aims at the high thermal performance of green building exterior window part of the thermal defects launched a test study.
Test use Fluke TiR1 model of the infrared camera to investigate the defect of the external part of the window, the infrared thermal image is analyzed by the software Smart View, and calculate the subject part of the main body area A1 and area A2 inspected the defect site with AutoCAD software, to evaluate the envelope window defects[5].
The test time is winter, the image of the infrared thermal imager is taken from indoor to outdoor, and the blue part of the infrared thermal image is defective part[6]. In this paper, only the defects of the external window are analyzed. Only the living room and room1 external window exist thermal defects after testing the household. Infrared thermal images are shown in Fig9. It can be seen from the image of the infrared thermal that the defects are the connection between the window frame and the glass, the analysis of defects is due to design or construction causes the existence of air penetration in the site.
Fig.9 Image of infrared thermal imaginer
The severity of thermal defects not only related to average temperature difference AT=T:-T2 of the surface body area average temperature, but also related to the size of defective area[7]. The relative area (¥) and the ratio of energy consumption (P) of the thermal defects of external enclosure structures are calculated combined with qualified judgment of external enclosure structures thermal defects regulated in "Standard for energy efficiency test of residential buildings" JGJ-T132-2009. Calculating formula is (1), (2), Table 5 is the calculation and analysis results.
-x 100%
ß = ÇT1 - T2T
T1 - T
x 100%
Where T1 is the average temperature of the subject surface area (excluding the defective area), and T2 is the
average temperature of the defective area of the test surface, and T0 is the environmental temperature, and Ai,i is the main area of the i-th imagine area, A2,i is the area of the defective area of the i-th image.
Table 5 Calculation of thermal defects on the surface of the window
Parameter Room1 (upper left) Room1 (lower left) Room1 (right) Living room (left) Living room (right)
Relative area ( 9 ) 6.00% 5.00% 16.00% 6.00% 2.00%
Energy consumption ratio (P) 13.97% 7.14% 6.7% 1.76% 1.06%
Temperature difference △T=T1-T2 13.50 11.00 2.40 2.50 3.50
Analysis conclusion Unqualified Unqualified Unqualified Qualified Qualified
According to the regulations in "Standard for energy efficiency test of residential buildings" JGJ-T132-2009, when relative area is less than 20%, the energy consumption ratio is less than 5%, thermal defects determines to be qualified. The main bedroom and living room windows relative area are less than 20% can be clearly seen in table 6, but the energy consumption ratio of the main bedroom windows are more than 5%,the living room window is less than 5%. Therefore, the final decision is the thermal defects of main bedroom external windows are unqualified, the living room windows are qualified.
The degree of thermal defects of building envelope directly affects the heat loss of buildings, For the existence of more serious thermal defects should be taken to repair the corresponding repair measures, so that the green building can get the best energy saving effect.
4. Conclusions
Based on the study of the indoor thermal environmental quality of the green residential building and the thermal defects of the envelope structure, the following conclusions are obtained:
(1)The indoor thermal and humid environments of the green residential building achieve the design expectations in the actual operation phase, and the green residential building can provide a comfortable living environment for the livings. The living room, study room and bathroom of the hot and humid environment achieve the "Assessment standard for green building" GBT50378 - 2014 in the I comfort level.
(2)The green residential building's indoor sound environment and light environment meet the the relevant provisions in "green building evaluation standards" GBT50378-2014, and the actual operation effect achieve the desired results.
(3)The testing results of the thermal defect of the external window are analyzed by the infrared analysis software, the external windows of the residents' room1 and the living room exist the thermal defects. The kitchen, study room and room2 do not exist thermal defects. In these rooms, the room1 thermal defects are more serious and some solutions need to be proposed.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by the China National Key R&D Program (Grant No.2016YFC0700100) References
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