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Appearances in clinical dermatology
Bhushan Madke, Bhavana Doshi Chougule1, Sumit Kar, Uday Khopkar2
INTRODUCTION
In this paper, we have attempted to compile "appearances" observed on clinical[1] inspection in dermatology which can help a post-graduate student in making a clinical diagnosis more easily. However, this paper will only concentrate on appearances in clinical aspects and not in dermatopathology and other investigative dermatology.
Asbestos-like appearance
Pityriasis amiantacea tinea amiantacea is a papulosquamous condition of the scalp that presents with asbestos-like thick scales attached to the hair shaft. Scales are arranged in an overlapping manner like flakes of asbestos, hence the name "amiantaceus." Pityriasis amiantacea is commonly seen in psoriasis but can be encountered in seborrheic dermatitis, atopic eczema, and pityriasis rosea.[2]
Beefy red appearance of tongue
Vitamin B deficiency due to pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency cause soreness of tongue with papillary atrophy giving it a smooth beefy red
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, 1Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College and Sassoon Hospital, Pune, 2Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
Address for correspondence: Dr. Bhushan Madke, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: drbhushan81@gmail.com
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appearance. Beefy red tongue has two components: inflammation and papillary atrophy. Inflammation of the tongue with redness and soreness may occur at any time in vitamin B or folic acid deficiency; however, atrophy of the papillae with a resulting smooth tongue develops in later stages of the deficiency.131
Beefy red appearance in granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)
Granuloma inguinale is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis. an intracellular Gram-negative bacterium. The infection produces ulceration at the primary site of inoculation which is usually genital but may be oral, anal, or at other extra- genital locations. Ulcero-granulomatous type of donovanosis is characterized by non-tender ulcers that bleed easily owing to its high vascularity giving rise to the beefy red appearance characteristic of this condition141 [Figure 1].
In addition to donovanosis, wounds healing by secondary intention may also show beefy red granulation. Beefy red ears have been described with relapsing perichondritis.15
Figure 1: Beefy red appearance of penis in a case of granuloma inguinale
How to cite this article: Madke B, Chougule BD, Kar S, Khopkar U. Appearances in clinical dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2014;80:432-47.
Received: February, 2014. Accepted: July, 2014. Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Butterfly appearance of rash
Butterfly rash (malar rash) is a well-defined fixed erythema located over the butterfly area of face comprising both malar region and bridge of nose with sparing of the naso-labial fold. Butterfly rash is classically seen in lupus erythematosus. However, other differentials to be considered are rosacea, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, photo-allergic contact dermatitis polymorphous light eruption, measles, rubella, roseola infantum and dermatomyositis.[0]
Cauliflower appearance
Genital wart, or condylomata acuminata, is a human papillomavirus-associated sexually transmitted infection and classically presents as a fleshy pink-colored growth resembling a cauliflower.171
Cauliflower-like growth has also been reported in verrucous carcinoma, a well-differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma.181
Cauliflower appearance of ear is a well-known entity in sports medicine. The outer ear (pinna) is composed mainly of cartilage covered by perichondrium, subcutaneous tissue and skin. Direct trauma or continuous friction to the outer ear can cause acute hematoma within the potential space between perichondrium and the cartilage. Separation of the perichondrium from the cartilage leads to necrosis of the cartilage because of the consequential loss of blood supply resulting in a "cauliflower ear" or "wrestler's ear" deformity.191
Caviar-like appearance
Caviar is a product made from salt-cured fish-eggs of the Acipenseridae family. In dermatology, caviar-like pin-point hyperpigmented papules are noted after long-term application of hydroquinone, a feature of exogenous ochronosis.1101 Sublingual varices are benign vascular dilatations and give a caviar appearance to tongue.[11]
Cayenne pepper appearance
Schamberg disease is a type of pigmented purpuric dermatosis that is characterized by red-brown purpuric macules that are known as "cayenne pepper" spots.[12]
Cigarette paper scar appearance (papyraceous scar)
Tertiary syphilis
The coppery red grouped nodular lesions which tend to arrange in a circinate pattern in tertiary syphilis heal centrally by forming soft fine wrinkled scars (cigarette
paper scars) and extend peripherally. These lesions have a predisposition toward the arms, back and face.
Ehler Danlos syndrome
The skin in patients with Ehler-Danlos syndrome is hyperextensible which gives rise to gaping "fish-mouth wounds" over bony prominences like the shins, knees, and elbows following minor trauma. Such wide, thin, papyraceous scars over the knees and elbows are also called "cigarette paper scars."[13]
Cigarette paper appearance of mycosis fungoides
The earliest form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is the patch stage, which consists of sharply demarcated, erythematous scaly lesions. The scale is typically thin and covers the entire affected area. Mild erythema along with skin atrophy is also present giving a "cigarette paper"-like wrinkled appearance.114,151
Cigarette paper appearance can also be seen in lichen sclerosus,[10] striae distensae and poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare.
Cliff drop appearance
Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini is a form of dermal atrophy that manifests as single or multiple sharply demarcated, round to oval, hyperpigmented, non-indurated patches of varying sizes ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters. The border of the lesions shows depression of the skin with an abrupt edge, often giving a "cliff drop" appearance.1171
Cluster of jewels or string of pearls in Linear IgA dermatoses
Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood (CBDC) is a rare, chronic acquired subepidermal blistering disease of children. Clinically, it is typified by the abrupt onset of pruritic or non-pruritic tense vesicles or bullae that can arise either on normal or erythematous skin. Most often these lesions occur in a characteristic configuration giving a "cluster of jewels" or "string of pearls" appearance. Vesicles and bullae are arranged in an annular or rosettelike pattern around a central crusted plaque[18] [Figure 2].
A similar cluster of jewel appearance has also been noted in Linear IgA dermatosis,[19] bullous pemphigoid and herpes gestationis.
Coast of California and Coast of Maine appearance
Cafe-au-lait spots, also referred to as cafe-au-lait macules (CALMs), present as well-circumscribed, evenly pigmented macules with irregular or
serrated borders. Macules are relatively small with smooth borders (called "coast of California") in neurofibromatosis and large with rough borders (called "coast of Maine") in McCune Albright syndrome.[20]
Coffee with milk appearance
Café au lait (French for "coffee with milk") is a French coffee drink. In dermatology, cafe-au-lait macules are pigmented birth marks and are coffee brown in color. They usually appear in childhood and tend to increase in number and size until puberty. Macules can occur as an isolated finding and can also be seen in a variety of conditions such as neurofibromatosis type 1, McCune Albright syndrome, Leopard syndrome, Cowden syndrome and Silver Russel syndrome.[21]
Cobblestone appearance
Mucosal involvement in Darier's disease (Darier-White disease or keratosis follicularis) gives the so-called cobblestone appearance. The mucosal lesions consist of multiple, asymptomatic, whitish, coalescing papules with a rough texture and a central depression in each papule [Figure 3].[22]
Cobblestone appearance of oral mucosa has also been described with Heck's disease (focal epithelial hyperplasia) characterized by multiple, coalescing, flesh-colored, 3 to 10 mm sized papules.[23]
Following punch grafting for vitiligo, a "cobblestone appearance" may develop at the recipient site, a significant cosmetic complication of this technique.[24]
Confetti-like appearance
Confetti appearance of skin lesions have been described in many skin conditions as mentioned below
Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica
Primary cutaneous amyliodosis, first defined by Morishima in 1970 is a rare chronic progressive disease with deposition of amyloid in the skin without systemic involvement. It is characterized by hyperpigmented and hypopigmented spots, prepubertal onset and amyloid deposits in the papillary dermis.[25]
Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (Acropigmentation of Dohi)
The skin findings are characterized by hypo- and hyperpigmented macules on the dorsal and ventral aspects of the hands and feet, which may extend to the proximal portions of the limbs (knees and elbows). Macules appear in the first to second decade and are typically non-progressive. Similar lesions (freckle-like macules) can be found on the face.
Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria
The disease begins in early childhood and is characterized by mottled pigmentation which originates from the hands and can progress to involve the trunk, extremities and face. The lesions are characterized by hyperpigmented macules admixed with hypopigmented lesions and can also involve the palms, soles and oral mucosa.
Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
The hyperpigmentation in this condition is generalized and is most prominent on the trunk and proximal extremities. The presence of small "confetti"-like macules gives rise to a characteristic reticulate pattern.1201
Pseudo-ochronosis
Exogenous ochronosis manifests clinically with blue-black or grayish brown macules with interspersed
Figure 2: Cluster of jewel appearance in chronic bullous disease Figure 3: Cobble stoning of palatal mucosa in Darier-White of childhood disease
"confetti like" hypopigmented macular areas on the malar region, a speckled pattern of pigmentation and a coarse texture with pinpoint, dark brown caviar-like papules (vide supra), which are more appreciable on palpation.1271
Tuberous sclerosis is a classic example of confetti lesions characterized by numerous hypopigmented macules.1281
Digitate appearance
Digitate dermatosis or guttate dermatosis is a distinct variant of small-plaque parapsoriasis distributed symmetrically on the flanks or on the upper trunk. They may be 2 to 6 cm in diameter and rarely up to 20 cm in size, sometimes with a digitate or finger mark-like appearance (digitate dermatosis) and without atrophy or poikiloderma.1331
Vitiligo ponctué is an unusual form of vitiligo, characterized by small confetti-like or tiny, discrete macules that may occur on otherwise normal or unusually darkened skin.[29]
Confetti appearance of lesions has been described in idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, extra genital lichen sclerosus[30] and after photochemotherapy.
Crumpled cigarette paper appearance
Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is a characteristic cutaneous lesion of late-stage borreliosis which may become manifest years after a tick bite. Clinically, the skin becomes thin, wrinkled, dry, and transparent because of the loss of epidermal and dermal structures giving rise to the so-called crumpled cigarette paper appearance with visible veins.[31]
"Dew drops on a rose petal" appearance
Varicella (chickenpox) is a highly contagious viral infection caused by human herpes virus 3 (varicella-zoster virus). Skin lesions progress over hours in a centripetal fashion from erythematous macules and papules to vesicles and ending with crusted scabs. The vesicular stage is often referred to as "dew drops on a rose petal"[32] [Figure 4].
Dirty neck appearance
Dirty neck appearance refers to reticulate pigmentation of the neck, seen in patients with atopic eczema. It involves the anterior or antero-lateral aspects of the neck It is often interpreted as an "accumulation of dirt" due to lack of proper washing of the neck region by the child[34] [Figure 5]. Other cutaneous disorders where "dirty neck appearance" has been noted include X-linked ichthyosis135 and terra firma forme dermatosis.[36]
Dog ear appearance
Dog ear appearance is a term used to describe a characteristic puckering of the skin that can occur after surgical wound closure. The probability of developing a dog ear depends upon the shape of the defect, the site of the lesion and the elasticity of the skin. There are two types of dog ear deformity: (a) the standing full cone and (b) lying half cone.[37]
Doll hair appearance/sign
Folliculitis decalvans (tufted folliculitis) is a rare neutrophilic purulent inflammation of the scalp resulting in primary scarring alopecia. The hallmark of folliculitis decalvans is the presence of multiple hairs emerging from a single dilated follicular opening, hence it is known as doll hair appearance or doll hair sign.[38,39]
Figure 4: Characteristic 'dew drop on a rose petal' appearance in varicella
Figure 5: Dirty neck look in a atopic dermatitis
Ebbing tide appearance
Oral leukoplakia, or "white patch," is the most common chronic oral mucosal disease. Leukoplakia is clinically characterized by a white patch or plaque of the oral mucosa which cannot be rubbed or scraped off. Leukoplakia affecting the floor of mouth has a wavy and corrugated surface giving an appearance of "a beach at ebbing tide."1401
Flagellate appearance
A variety of pigmentary changes (diffuse, patchy or linear) can occur with bleomycin therapy. Flagellate erythema is a peculiar pattern of eruption seen after bleomycin therapy and can appear from 24 hours to 9 weeks after administration of bleomycin and usually resolves with flagellate hyperpigmentation after discontinuation of the drug.[44]
Figure of 8 or hour glass appearance
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is a chronic, inflammatory, idiopathic disorder of genital and extra-genital skin. Figure of 8 or "hour glass" appearance is classically described in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the female ano-genital region due to a characteristic pattern of sites involved i.e. the interlabial sulci, labia minora and labia majora, clitoris and clitoral hood, and perineum and perianal area[41][Figure 6].
Fir tree or Christmas tree appearance
Pityriasis rosea presents with an eruption of a "mother" or "herald patch" followed by multiple daughter lesions after a variable interval. The characteristic orientation of secondary lesions on the trunk is usually parallel to the ribs, typically along the lines of cleavage, which has been historically described as either as "Christmas tree," "inverted Christmas tree," or "fir tree" appearance.1421
Fish mouth or purse string appearance
Extraoral manifestations of systemic sclerosis include thinned out lips and microstomia along with perioral radiating furrows (rhagades) giving a "fish mouth or purse string" appearance to the oral aperture[43] [Figure 7].
Other conditions where a similar flagellate appearance have been described include shiitake mushroom intake (spares mucous membrane in contrast to bleomycin intake), dermatomyositis, paedrus dermatitis and chikungunya fever.[45]
Footprints in snow appearance
Pseudopelade of Brocq is a primary lymphocytic scarring alopecia characterized by skin-colored patches of cicatricial alopecia with minimal perifollicular inflammation. Clinically, the condition is characterized by multiple, asymptomatic, 1-2 cm patches of cicatricial alopecia, giving a footprints in snow appearance1401 [Figure 8].
Fried egg appearance
A dysplastic nevus (atypical nevus) is typically a macular lesion that is 5 mm or more in diameter, usually with irregular, fuzzy borders. Sometimes, the lesions have a central papule surrounded by a macular pigmented rim creating a "fried-egg" appearance.[47]
Frog spawn appearance
Cutaneous lymphangioma circumscriptum is typically seen as a small number of translucent clear vesicles at or soon after birth. These vesicles resemble frog spawn[48] [Figure 9].
Figure 6: Figure of 8/hour glass appearance of vulva in lichen sclerosus
Figure 7: Purse string appearance of oral aperture in a case of systemic sclerosis
Frosted glass appearance
Pityriasis lichenoides chronica presents as small erythematous-to-reddish brown papules with fine scales which have been likened to frosted glass.[49]
Glazed appearance
Juvenile plantar dermatosis (syn: forefoot dermatitis, atopic winter feet, dermatitis plantaris sicca, forefoot eczema, peridigital dermatitis, sweating sock dermatitis) is a condition characterized by dry, fissured dermatitis of the plantar surface of the feet. Clinically, the condition is characterized by symmetrical, smooth, red-glazed appearance of the skin with fissuring, loss of epidermal ridge pattern and fine scaling.1501
Ink splashes or splash of paint
Nevus depigmentosus, or isolated hypomelanotic nevi present as a single, well-defined area of hypopigmentation. The classic lesion is an ovoid or irregular patch that breaks apart into smaller macules in the periphery, resembling a splash of paint.[51,52]
Inverted saucer appearance
Mid-borderline (BB) Hansen disease consists of multiple asymmetrical and polymorphic lesions. A classical book descriptions of BB leprosy is that of a variable-sized plaque having sloping outer edges and a punched out central edge giving the so-called inverted saucer appearance [Figure 10].
Inverted fir tree appearance
Median canaliform dystrophy of Heller (syn: solenonychina, dystrophia unguis mediana canaliformis, nevus striatus unguis) presents with a longitudinal midline or a paramedian ridge or split, and canal formation in the midline of the nail plate, akin to an "inverted fir tree."[53]
Inverted champagne bottle appearance
Chronic lipodermatosclerosis presents with induration and hyperpigmentation of the skin of the lower extremity along with skin fixed to the firm subcutaneous tissue in a characteristic "inverted champagne bottle" appearance.[54,55]
Inverted champagne bottle-like legs have also been described as a classical clinical feature of Charcot Marie Tooth type 1 (demyelinating form). Peroneal muscle atrophy usually stops abruptly at the level of lower third of thighs leading to "inverted champagne bottle-like legs."[50]
Figure 9: 'Frog spawn' appearance in a case of lymphangioma circumscriptum
Figure 10: Inverted saucer appearance in a case of borderline Hansen's disease
Lakes of pus appearance
Multiple pustular lesions coalescing together over an erythematous base are seen in pustular psoriasis. Acute generalized or localized eruptive pustulosis (AGEP)
following intake of cephalosporins, terbinafine, and vancomycin may also simulate the lake of pus appearance of lesions as seen in pustular psoriasis [Figure 11].
Leopard skin appearance
Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a parasitic infection caused by Onchocerca volvulus. Onchocerciasis most commonly presents as a diffuse papular dermatitis, often with intense pruritis. Chronic infestation by filarial larvae leads to asymptomatic spotty depigmentation giving a "leopard skin" pattern.157,581
Leopard-like skin eruption has also been noted in sclerodermatous graft-vs-host disease.1591
Leathery appearance
Lichen simplex chronicus or neurodermatitis is characterized by chronic itching and a self-perpetuating scratch-itch cycle. The constant scratching causes thick, leathery, brownish skin in the affected areas. It may be associated with atopic dermatitis (eczema) or psoriasis. It may also be seen in association with nervousness, anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders.1001
Leather grain appearance
Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis is an extremely rare variant of cutaneous mastocytosis characterized by infiltration of skin by mast cells giving it a thickened and doughy appearance. The combined result of both the infiltration of mast cells and their degranulation products produces edema and a typical leather-grain skin appearance101,021 [Figure 12].
Lemon on match stick appearance
Seen as a part of Cushing's disease or Cushing's syndrome, the most striking feature is "central obesity"
with buffalo hump, moon facies, and protuberant abdominal wall and thin extremities, producing an appearance of "a lemon on match sticks." Other clinical features include hypertension, muscle weakness, signs of excessive androgens (hirsutism, acne, and clitoromegaly). Rapid weight gain with thinning of the skin leads to striae on the abdomen and proximal extremities.1031
Lobster claw appearance
The term ectrodactyly denotes congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes and is synonymous with split hand or foot deformity or lobster claw. Lobster claw appearance of hand or feet is a classical feature of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (EEC) syndrome.[04] Lobster claw deformity is also a frequent clinical feature of focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome).[05]
Map-like appearance
Geographic tongue is a common asymptomatic condition characterized by multiple variably-sized, well-defined erythematous areas usually surrounded by elevated, whitish-yellow borders on the anterior two third of dorsal surface of tongue. The variable size and shape of geographic tongue with frequent change in position has been referred as 'map-like' appearance.1001 It has been proposed that benign migratory glossitis is an isolated oral manifestation of psoriasis. Geographic tongue may also be seen in other conditions like Reiter's syndrome, Down syndrome, Aarskog syndrome, fetal hydantoin syndrome and Robinow's syndrome.
Moth-eaten appearance
Moth-eaten alopecia is the most common and characteristic type of alopecia in syphilis. Moth eaten
Figure 11: Pustular psoriasis depicting 'lake of pus' appearance (Photograph contributed by Dr. Sarina Jain, Faridkot)
Figure 12: A child with diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis giving a leather grain appearance to the skin
alopecia presents with multiple non-scarring patches of hair loss of the scalp.[07]
Nutmeg grater appearance
Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is characterized by small follicular acuminate papules, disseminated yellowish-pink scaling patches, and, often, solid confluent palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The reddish-brown, roughly pinhead-sized papules topped by a central horny plug give a nutmeg grater appearance. A hair, or part of one, is usually embedded in the horny center. The eruptions have a predilection for the sides of the neck and trunk, the extensor surfaces of the extremities and especially the backs of the first and second phalanges.
Ostraceous/rupioid appearance
[G. rhypos, filth (rupia), + eidos, resemblance]
The terms rupioid and ostraceous relate to distinct morphological subtypes of plaque psoriasis. Rupioid plaques are small (2-5 cm in diameter) thick and hyperkeratotic, resembling limpet shells. Ostraceous psoriasis refers to hyperkeratotic plaques with relatively concave centers, similar in shape to oyster shells.1081
Hyperkeratotic, crusted, limpet-like and discolored lesions called rupia are uncommon and are usually seen in relapsing secondary syphilis. In pustular syphilis, as a result of endarteritis obliterans, the papules and pustules undergo central necrosis and present with a central core of necrotic tissue giving rise to limpet-like crusts resembling an oyster shell. The crust may be discolored with altered blood.[09]
Paddy hair or plugged hair appearance:
This is a term used for the unnatural appearance of larger hair grafts which were typical of the early days (1970s) of hair transplantation in which 4-5 mm punch grafts were used to cover excessively large bald patches, resulting in a "pluggy" appearance likened to the hair on inexpensive plastic dolls.[70]
Paper money appearance of skin (dollar-paper markings)
Paper money skin is a superficial vascular disorder commonly seen in patients having chronic alcoholic hepatic disease. Clinically, the patients have many randomly scattered, needle-thin superficial capillaries. The name comes from the resemblance the thread-like capillaries have to the finely chopped silk threads in American dollar bills.[71]
Peau d'orange appearance
A descriptive term for any bosselated, rugose surface, usually of the skin with deep, pin-point dimpling, likened by French authors to the skin of an orange; the 'classic' peau d'orange change occurs in skin overlying breast cancer with involvement of the underlying lymphatics.1721 In dermatologic diseases it can be seen in lesions of mastocytoma.1731
In eosinophilic fasciitis, too the involved skin is thickened, edematous, and erythematous, and has a coarse peau d'orange appearance. It commonly affects the upper arms, thighs, or flanks.[74]
Pebbly appearance
Hunter syndrome is a rare mucopolysaccharidoses resulting from deficiency of the enzyme, iduronate 2-sulphatase. The characteristic cutaneous feature consists of multiple, firm, skin-colored papules and nodules (pebbles) forming a ridge or a reticular pattern occurring symmetrically between the angles of scapula and posterior axillary fold.[75]
Plucked chicken appearance
Tiny yellow papules that coalesce into plaques with a "plucked chicken skin" or "cobblestone appearance" or "morroccan leather appearance" occur in flexural regions, most commonly the neck and axillae in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a rare heritable disease characterized by dermal, ocular and vascular lesions that result from the degeneration of elastic fibers. With age and disease progression, the skin may become soft, lax, and wrinkled, which resembles plucked chicken skin[70,77] [Figure 13].
Figure 13: A patient of pseudoxanthoma elasticum showing the characteristic 'plucked chicken' appearance
Rain drops in dust appearance
This is seen as a part of dermatologic manifestations in chronic arsenic poisoning. Clinically, guttate hypopigmentation occurring on a background of diffuse hypermelanosis has been termed as rain drop in dust appearance. The accompanying palmo-plantar keratosis may appear as a uniform thickening or as discrete nodules.[78,79]
Raspberry-like appearance
Framboesia (framboesia in French means raspberry) is another name for yaws, a non-venereal spirocheatal infection affecting children caused by Treponema pertenue. It is characterized by raspberry-like excrescences.1801
Relief map appearance
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a non-purulent joint inflammation that usually follows bacterial gastrointenstinal or urogenital infections, typically seen in Reiter's syndrome.[81] Keratoderma blenorrhagica occurs in about 5-30% of patients with reactive arthritis. Clinically, keratoderma blenorrhagica presents as multiple, scattered, dark red-colored, scaly, raised lesions with heaped up keratinized material that resembles a "relief map."
Retiform appearance
Retiform parapsoriasis is a variant of large plaque parapsoriasis characterized by red to brown, scaly lesions with a net-like distribution intermixed with deep red plaques, some of which have lichenoid papules. Atrophy and poikiloderma are prominent features of this type and it is often associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.182,831
Figure 14: Papular amyloidosis on both shins in a rippled pattern
Rippled appearance
Macular amyloidosis shows brown, rippled macules characteristically located in the interscapular region of the back, arms, and legs. The pigmentation is not uniform giving the lesions a rippled appearance1841 [Figure 14].
Rope-like appearance
Localized thrombophlebitis of the veins affecting the lateral thoracic, thoraco-epigastric, and superior epigastric veins, known as Mondor's disease, presents with the sudden appearance of a cordlike thrombosed vein along the anterior-lateral chest wall. Initially, it may appear red and tender and subsequently changes into a painless, tough, fibrous band giving a rope-like appearance. Similar string-like phlebitis has been described over the axilla, penis, antecubital fossa, groin, and abdomen.[85]
Salt and pepper appearance
Salt-and-pepper appearance is characterized by the presence of patchy hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation of the skin manifesting as vitiligo-like depigmentation with perifollicular pigmentary retention. The rich capillary network surrounding the hair follicle preserves melanogenesis thus retaining perifollicular pigmentation in systemic sclerosis [Figure 15]. It is one of the earliest cutaneous findings in systemic sclerosis.180,871 Occasionally, it may be the sole skin manifestation.[88]
Salt and pepper appearance may also be seen as a feature of quadrichrome vitiligo which is characterized by depigmented and hypopigmented macules in addition
Figure 15: Salt and pepper' appearance on upper back in a female with systemic sclerosis
to normally pigmented skin with the additional presence of marginal or perifollicular hyperpigmentation. This is observed, particularly in areas of repigmentation in lesions of vitiligo1891 [Figure 16].
Sands of windblown desert
Pachydermoperiostosis (syn: idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, Touraine-Solente-Gole syndrome) is characterized by thickening of the skin in folds and accentuation of creases on the face and scalp, clubbing of the fingers, and periostitis of the long bones. There are hyperkeratotic linear lesions on the palms and soles. These lines are rippled, resembling sand of the "wind-blown desert."[90]
Sandpaper appearance
Multiple shallow pits over the nail plate give it a rough look likened to sandpaper. This may be observed to involve a few or all nails as in 20 nail dystrophy or trachyonychia. The most common dermatologic diseases associated with trachyonychia are alopecia areata, lichen planus and psoriasis[91] [Figure 17].
Sago grain-like appearance
Dyshidrotic eczema (pompholyx) is a type of eczema affecting the hands, fingers and sometimes the feet. Initially, itchy clear vesicles appear as very small bubble-like eruptions that rupture and later on dry up and turn golden brown to resemble sago grain.[92] The eruption of pompholyx has also been described as "frog spawn appearance."
Sausage-like appearance of digits
In psoriatic arthritis, dactylitis leads to marked swelling of the synovial sheaths and the fingers cannot be flexed. This is attributed to the flexor tenosynovitis and arthritis of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints observed by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Clinically, this manifests as a sausage-digit appearance.1931
Sausage appearance of digits (banana fingers) is also a frequent clinical finding in leprous dactylitis [Figure 18] as a manifestation of Type 2 lepra reaction (erythema nodosum leprosum).[94]
Slapped cheek appearance
Erythema infectiosum (also known as fifth disease) is a benign childhood infection caused by parvovirus-Bl9. After about 7-10 days, the infection progresses through stages of an exanthem with classic slapped-cheek appearance which fades
Figure 16: Salt and pepper' appearance in repigmenting vitiligo
Figure 17: Nail dystrophy presenting as 'sand paper nails'
Figure 18: Leprous dactylitis in type 2 lepra reaction giving a 'banana finger' appearance
over 2-4 days.[95] This is followed by an erythematous maculopapular rash that fades into a classic lace-like reticular pattern as confluent areas clear up in a lacy pattern.
Spangled hair appearance
Pili annulati is a rare hair shaft disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance characterized by non-fragile banding leading to spangled hair.[90] Although it is clinically detectable in blond or lightly pigmented hair as speckled banding, however in dark hair, since the banding is obscured by the pigment, characteristic spangled appearance of hair with reflected light is the only clue. An inherent defect in the hair shaft leads to formation of air-filled cavities within the cortex that lie parallel to the long axis of the hair. The hair appears as alternating light and dark bands under polarized microscopy.1971
Speckled appearance
Speckled lentiginous nevus or speckled nevus is characterized by numerous small, darkly pigmented speckles on a background of tan brown hyperpigmentation. Sometimes, this tan background may be very faint or even invisible. Microscopically, the background pigmentation corresponds to the features of a lentigo simplex, whereas the dark speckles usually show a junctional proliferation of melanocytes.1981
Stuck on appearance
The consistent feature of seborrheic keratoses is the waxy, pasted-on or stuck-on look comparable to brown candle wax dropped onto the skin [Figure 19]. The lesions occur on the face, chest and back in middle-aged individuals, singly or in clusters of dozens.[99]
Strawberry appearance Gums
Papular lesions may coalesce together to form plaques which may infiltrate the gingiva giving an appearance of strawberry gum in mucosal sarcoidosis. The hard
palate, tongue, buccal mucosa, or posterior pharynx may also be involved.11001
In Wegener's granulomatosis, the occurrence of hypertrophic gingivitis is characteristic and may mimic the "strawberry gums" seen in sarcoidosis.11011
Tongue
In Kawasaki's disease, a white coating through which red, hypertrophied papillae project, giving the so-called white strawberry tongue appearance is observed in early disease. This disappears by the fourth or fifth day leaving a bright red strawberry appearance.11021 Similar "strawberry" tongue is also seen in the streptococcal-mediated infection, scarlet fever [Figure 20].
A recently described condition called recurrent toxin-mediated perianal erythema manifests as a perineal erysipelas-like erythema that resolves with desquamation. The appearance of strawberry tongue, erythema of the hands with desquamation, and a mild fever 1 or 2 days before the eruption are other signs observed.[103]
Cervix
Cervical involvement in trichomoniasis has been described as colpitis macularis, or "strawberry cervix." It results from microscopic, punctate hemorrhages of the cervix. Cervical mucopurulent discharge, erythema, and friability are seen as associated findings.[104]
Sunburn appearance of skin
Pellagra occurring due to deficiency of niacin is characterized by 4 "D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death. While acute pellagra resembles
'stuck-on' appearance Figure 20: A patient with scarlet fever having 'straw berry' tongue
sunburn, tanning occurs more slowly in later stages.[105] Similar sunburn appearance of the skin has been documented in numerous reports of drug-induced pellagroid dermatitis.11001
Tapir nose appearance
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis and L. mexicana is termed as "espundia," which is characterized by mutilation of the nasal apparatus. It spares the nasal bones. When the septum is destroyed, the nasal bridge and tip of the nose collapse, giving the appearance of a parrot beak, camel nose, or tapir nose appearance.11071
Target and targetoid appearance
The occurrence of a central zone of erythema in the form of a papule, macule or vesiculation surrounded by a zone of pale edema and a peripheral zone of erythema characterize the target or "iris" lesions seen in numerous dermatologic diseases. Sometimes when the zone of edema is absent, it is termed as targetoid [Figure 21]. Erythema multiforme, StevensJohnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Rowell's syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus show the characteristic target lesions. In addition, the broader differential diagnosis of targetoid lesions include fixed drug eruption, erythema multiforme-like drug reaction, vasculitis, acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy, erythema chronicum migrans, granuloma annulare, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), targetoid hemangioma, targetoid nevus, and certain blistering diseases.11081
Thimble appearance of nails
Psoriatic involvement of nail matrix leads to irregular nail pitting, dystrophy, and leukonychia; nail
bed involvement causes onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis, splinter hemorrhages, oil drop patches, and nail thickening, whereas nail fold involvement may result in paronychia. The pits are distributed irregularly over the nail plate and give rise to an appearance resembling a thimble.11091
Velvety appearance
Acanthosis nigricans is a clinical marker of insulin resistance and is associated with a variety of other conditions.11101 Clinically, it is characterized by hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis of the skin occurring mainly in the folds of the skin, back of the neck, the axilla and/or groin. Exuberant papillomatosis and thickening of skin gives acanthosis a velvety appearance on clinical examination11111 [Figure 22]. A similar velvety appearance has been described in tripe palms[112] and nevus sebaceous.[113]
Wash lather appearance of slough
Syphiltic gumma, a form of tertiary cutaneous syphilis is characterized by chronic ulcerated wounds with the floor showing a wash leather slough.[114]
Watch glass-like or drum stick-like appearance
Nail clubbing (also known as drumstick fingers and watch-glass nails) is a deformity of the fingers and fingernails associated with a number of diseases, mostly of the heart and lungs. The appearance is also called Hippocratic fingers.[115]
Clubbing develops in five steps:
1. Fluctuation and softening of the nail bed
2. Loss of the normal <105° angle (Lovibond angle) between the nailbed and the fold (cuticula)
Figure 21: Classical 'target' appearance of lesions in a case of erythema multiforme
Figure 22: Acanthosis nigricans affecting the nape of neck having velvety and leathery hyperkeratosis
3. Increased convexity of the nail fold
4. Thickening of the whole distal finger (resembling a drumstick)
5. Shininess and striation of the nail and skin.
Weather beaten appearance
In erythropoetic proto porphyria (EPP), following repeated sun exposure, the skin shows a weather-beaten appearance characterized by shallow linear or elliptical scars, waxy thickening and pebbling of the skin on the nose, cheeks and over meta-carpo-phalangeal joints with atrophy of the rims of the ears. Perioral furrow-like scars are characteristic. The face and the dorsa of hands in these patients look much older than their chronological age.[116]
Whorled appearance
Literally speaking, a whorl is a type of spiral or circular pattern. Conditions following the lines of Blaschko especially various genodermatosis such as incontinentia pigmenti,[117] hypomelanosis of Ito,[118] Conradi-Hunermann-Happle syndrome,[119] epidermal nevus, linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis[120] give a whorled appearance.
Wood grain appearance
Erythema gyratum repens is characterized by several concentric, erythematous, flat to slightly raised bands with fine white scales in waves at the leading edge of the erythema. The appearance may resemble a wood-grain pattern.11211 It typically affects the trunk and proximal extremities, generally sparing the hands, feet, and face. Bands can migrate up to 1 cm per day and often are pruritic.
Wool wisp appearance
Trichofolliculoma is a rare hair follicle hamartoma, which usually presents in adults as a solitary papule or nodule. The lesions bears a central ostium or punctum and a small wool-like tuft of hair may protrude from the lesion. The tuft of hair comprises of vellus hair and resembles a wisp of wool.[122]
Worm eaten or vermiculate appearance
Closely spaced, small areas of atrophy separated by narrow ridges produce a cribriform or honeycomb surface to give a worm-eaten (vermiculate) appearance. It occurs as a result of atrophy of the follicles and surrounding skin over the face [Figure 23]. It is characteristic of atrophoderma vermiculata (syn: atrophodermia ulerythematosa, folliculitis
ulerythematosa).[123]
Figure 23: Vermiculate atrophoderma in a young patient with 'worm-eaten' picture
Zebra-like appearance
The term linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis was coined by Kalter et al. to describe a sporadic pigmentary anomaly, characterized clinically by swirls and streaks of macular hyperpigmentation along the lines of Blaschko and histologically by epidermal melanosis without pigment incontinence in the dermis. Different descriptive names, including "zosteriform lentiginous nevus," "zebra-like hyperpigmentation in whorls and streaks," "reticulate hyperpigmentation distributed in a zosteriform fashion," and "reticulate hyperpigmentation of Iijima" have previously been used for this condition.[124]
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