CC BY
0Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2014, Article ID 150150, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/150150
Research Article
Photodegradation of Methyl Orange Using Magnetically Recoverable AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 Photocatalyst under Visible Light
Zhen Wang, Lu Yin, Ziwen Chen, Guowang Zhou, and Huixiang Shi
Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China Correspondence should be addressed to Huixiang Shi; lanyueheyu@163.com Received 7 February 2014; Accepted 26 February 2014; Published 1 April 2014 Academic Editor: Haiqiang Wang
Copyright © 2014 Zhen Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A novel magnetically recoverable AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 hybrid was prepared by a simple deposition-precipitation approach and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The results revealed that the photocatalytic activity and stability of AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composite toward decomposition of methyl orange (MO) dye were superior to those of pure Ag3PO4 under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity enhancement of AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 is closely related to the efficient separation of electron-hole pairs derived from the matching band potentials between Ag3PO4 and AgBr, as well as the good conductivity of Fe3O4. Moreover, the photocatalyst could be easily separated by applying an external magnetic field due to its magnetic property. The quenching effects of different scavengers proved that active h+ and • O2 played the major role for the MO degradation. This work would provide new insight for the construction of visible light responsible photocatalysts with high performance, good stability, and recoverability.
1. Introduction
As a promising way to meet the challenges of environmental pollution, photocatalysis has attracted considerable interest over the past few decades [1-4]. With the shortage of energy sources becoming severe, significant efforts have now been directed toward the exploitation of highly efficient visible light responsible photocatalysts which can potentially utilize solar energy [5-8]. Very recently, Ag3PO4 has been put forward as a novel photocatalyst with excellent oxidative capability for the purification ofwater under visible light irradiation, which thus inspired great enthusiasm [9-13]. It seems to be a promising material for efficient photodecomposition of organic contaminants. Nevertheless, it should be noted that, in the present Ag3PO4 photocatalytic system, Ag3PO4 is prone to be photochemically decomposed to Ag if no sacrificial reagent is involved [14], which inevitably becomes a main obstacle for Ag3PO4 in practical application.
Recent reports indicated that epitaxial growth of an AgX (X = Br, I) nanoshell on the surface of Ag3PO4 could greatly
enhance the chemical stability and activity of Ag3PO4 [1517]. For instance, Bi et al. introduced AgX (X = Cl, Br, I) for the modification of Ag3PO4 by a simple in situ ion-exchange method and revealed the enhanced photocatalytic properties and stability [16]. Cao et al. successfully synthesized AgBr/Ag3PO4 as highly efficient and stable photocatalyst [17]. This is mainlybecause AgX and Ag3PO4 have matching band potentials, which could promote the transfer and separation of photoexcited carriers through their heterojunctions. Other researchers also confirmed the enhancement in AgBr-based composites [16]. Thus, combining Ag3PO4 with AgX is a more promising and fascinating visible light response photocatalyst than pure Ag3PO4.
For nano- or microsized photocatalysts, another problem that restrains their application is how to effectively separate the used photocatalysts from the mixed system in a simple way [18, 19]. Immobilizing catalysts on magnetic substrates by feasible methods is proven to be an effective approach for removing and recycling particles [20-23]. Moreover, Fe3O4 has excellent conductivity. Thus, Fe3O4 could act as an
electron-transfer channel and acceptor, which would suppress the photogenerated carrier recombination [24]. Therefore, given the magnetic separation ability and conducting properties of Fe3O4, it can be foreseen that fabrication of AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 heterostructures could combine the advantages of activity of AgBr@Ag3 PO4 with the merit of easy separation due to the incorporation of Fe3O4.
Nowadays, toxic organic dyes and their effluents are among the largest groups of water pollutants. The removal of these nonbiodegradable dye molecules from the environment is a crucial ecological problem, for their toxicity and potential carcinogenicity. To solve such pollution, the methyl orange (MO), which is a typical azo dye for textile industry, is chosen as the targeted pollutant in this paper. Herein, we prepared a novel magnetically separable AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composite via a simple deposition-precipitation approach. The catalysts can be easily recovered by applying an external magnetic field. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this composite favors the separation of electron-hole pairs and exhibits the enhancement of stability and activity in the photocatalytic decomposition of MO under visible light.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials. All chemicals were of analytical grade and used as received without purification. Nano Fe3O4 (particle size <50 nm) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
2.2. Sample Preparation. Firstly, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were dispersed in distilled water (20 mL, 7.5 mM) and then added to the AgNO3 solution (10 mL, 0.1 M). The solution was sonicated for 10min. Subsequently, Na2 HPO4 aqueous solution (5 mL, 0.5 mM) was added dropwise to the above suspension. After sonicating for 10 min, a definite concentration of NaBr solution was added slowly into the above mixture. The theoretical molar percentage of added Br/original P was controlled to be 80%. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 10 min under sonication. Finally, the obtained precipitate was separated by an external magnetic field, washed with deionized water for several times, and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C for 12 h. The final sample was labeled as AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4.
For comparison, pure Ag3PO4 particles were prepared by a simple precipitation method according to the previous study [14]. Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 and AgBr@Ag3PO4 were also prepared by the same conditions by replacing the NaBr or Fe3O4 solution with water.
2.3. Characterization. For XRD studies, the samples were recorded on X'Pert Pro PANalytical automatic diffractometer, using Cu-Ka radiation (A = 0.154 nm) in the 20 range of 10°-80°. TEM images were taken on a JEM-1200 (JEOL) microscope with an acceleration voltage of 80 kV. The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra in the range of 230-700 nm were recorded on a Pgeneral TU-1901 PC spectrometer, using BaSO4 as a standard.
2.4. Photocatalytic Tests. The photocatalytic activity of the sample was evaluated by photodegradation of MO at room temperature. Briefly, 60 mg of photocatalyst was added to an
♦ ...........Ljlii (b) ________L, I " AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 ,—A _LL J_kL^JuL-»«. Fe3O4
(0 , 1 Ag3PO4 1 111 . . 1 .
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20
♦ AgBr
• Fe3O4
Figure 1: XRD patterns of (a) Ag3PO4, (b) Fe3O4, and (c) AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4.
aqueous solution of MO (100 mL, 20 mg/L). The suspension was mechanically stirred for 45 min in dark conditions to reach complete adsorption-desorption equilibrium. Then, it was irradiated with a 150 w Xe lamp with a 400 nm light filter. During the illumination, at given time intervals, about 3 mL aliquots were sampled, magnetically separated, and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min to remove the remaining particles. The concentrations of MO were analyzed on a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 461 nm.
Additionally, the recycling experiments were performed for three consecutive cycles to test the stability and reusability of the as-prepared AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composite. After each cycle, the photocatalyst was separated by an external magnetic field, washed thoroughly with deionized water, and then dried at 60° C for the next test.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structural Characterization. XRD was used to investigate the different crystalline structures of the as-prepared photocatalysts. As shown in Figure 1(a), all the characteristic diffraction peaks can be readily indexed as the different crystalline planes of Ag3PO4 (JCPDS, card number 06-0505). From Figure 1(b), the diffraction peaks can be well indexed to magnetite Fe3O4 (JCPDS, card number 19-0629). For the pattern of AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 (Figure 1(c)), besides the peaks of Ag3PO4 and Fe3O4, the diffraction peaks of AgBr at 26.6°, 30.9°, 44.3°, and 64.4° corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), and (400) have also been detected, confirming that AgBr have been formed on the Ag3PO4 surface after reaction with NaBr. The diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 at 35.5°, 43.2°, and 62.8° correspond to the (311), (400), and (440). However, as shown in Figures 1(b) and 1(c), the diffraction peaks from Fe3O4 turn weaker in the as-prepared AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composite due to the low content of Fe3O4. These observations indicate the successful synthesis of AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 heterostructure.
(c) (d)
Figure 2: TEM images of (a) Fe3 O4, (b) Ag3 PO4, and (c, d) AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3O4 at different magnification.
The morphological and microstructural details of the AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composite were then examined by TEM measurement. As shown in Figure 2(a), the Fe3 O4 exhibits regular spherical shape with diameter of about 2040 nm. Figure 2(b) reveals that the Ag3PO4 possess an irregularly spherical morphology with diameter of 100-500 nm. Some big particles can be attributed to the agglomeration of small particles. In the case of AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 hybrid, as can be seen from Figures 2(c) and 2(d) in different magnification, it is evident that, alongside the Ag3 PO4, the Fe3 O4 nanoparticles are firmly anchored. This suggests a good combination between Ag3PO4 and Fe3O4 particles. Unfortunately, we failed to obtain TEM images of the AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3 O4 samples, because AgBr nanoshells were easily destroyed by the high-energy electron beam during the measurements, as Wang et al. reported [25].
Figure 3 shows the UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra of Ag3 PO4, Fe3 O4, and the related complex photocatalysts. Pure Ag3 PO4 shows a sharp fundamental absorption edge at about 520 nm, in accordance with the previous observation [26]. In contrast to pure Ag3PO4, the absorption of AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3 O4 sample toward the visible light region is remarkably enhanced. It could be mainly attributed to the introduction of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles, which is a well-performing light harvesting material as we can see in Figure 3.
3.2. Photocatalytic Performance. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 was evaluated
30 -J—.-1-.-1-.-1-.-1-.-
300 400 500 600 700
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 3: UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra of Ag3 PO4, Fe3 O4, and AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3 O4.
by the degradation of MO under visible light irradiation. Figure 4 gives the absorption spectra of an aqueous solution of MO exposed to visible irradiation for various time periods. In the reaction process, the color of the MO solution gradually diminished (as the inset shows), and the typical absorption peak at 461 nm disappeared after 15min, indicating that the chromophoric structure of the dye was completely destroyed assisted by AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3 O4.
Wavelength (nm)
Figure 4: Absorption spectral changes of MO over AgBr@Ag3 PO4/ Fe3 O4 composite as a function of irradiation time. The inset shows the color changes of the MO solutions corresponding to the degradation times.
-45 0 5 10
Irradiation time (min)
Photolysis Fes O4 Ag3 PO4
Ag3 PO4/Fe3 PO4 AgBr@Ag3 PO4 AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3 O4
Figure 5: Photocatalytic degradation curves of MO over different photocatalysts under visible light irradiation.
For comparison, the photodegradation of MO was also performed with photolysis, pure Ag3 PO4, Fe3 O4, Ag3 PO4/ Fe3 O4, and AgBr@Ag3 PO4.
As can be seen from Figure 5, negligible degradation was detected under photolysis or using Fe3 O4 as photocatalyst. Similar to the previous reports, the pure Ag3 PO4 sample reveals a nice photodegradation performance under visible light (47.7% in 15min). For comparison, after epitaxial growth of AgBr nanoshell on the surface of Ag3 PO4, the AgBr@Ag3 PO4 show much higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of MO dye (94% in 15min). This is mainly due to the effective coupling where the conduction band and valence band potentials of AgBr semiconductor are more negative than that of Ag3 PO4, which could promote the
Dispersion
t = 90 s (b)
t = 180 s
Figure 6: (a) Cycling runs in the photocatalytic degradation of MO over AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 under visible light irradiation. (b) Magnetic separation tests for AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3O4 via a cubic Nd-Fe-B magnet (3 mm*20 mm* 10 mm), revealing that the photocatalyst can be recycled with an external magnetic field within 3 min.
transfer and separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs [16]. In addition, the combination of Fe3O4 with Ag3PO4 also achieved good degradation efficiency (87.3% in 15 min). As Xi et al. explained, because of the excellent conductivity, the charge transport is improved after introduction of Fe3O4 into the composite, which would enhance the separation of electron-hole pairs [24]. Furthermore, just as the experimental results confirmed, once integrating the conductivity of Fe3 O4 and the structural match of AgBr with Ag3 PO4 particles, the AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3 O4 exhibits the highest photocatalytic efficiency.
3.3. Stability and Recyclability of AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3 O4. The stability of a photocatalyst is one of the most important parameters for its application. As our previous study demonstrated [27], Ag3PO4 is quite unstable at repeated use. However, as Figure 6(a) presents, the MO solution is quickly bleached after every MO decomposition experiment, and photocatalyst ternary AgBr@Ag3 PO4/Fe3 O4 is stable enough during the three repeated experiments without exhibiting any obvious loss of photocatalytic activity. Besides, the magnetic separation ability of the photocatalyst is impressive. As shown in Figure 6(b), the as-prepared AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 can be
Irradiation time (min)
1 mM i-PrOH added 1 mM EDTA added
1 mM BQ added No scavenger
Figure 7: Effects of different scavengers on the degradation of MO over AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 photocatalyst.
conveniently collected from the solution by applying an external magnetic field within 3 min. This desirable property is what other conventional powder photocatalysts lack. Therefore, the as-prepared AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composite can work as an effective photocatalyst for pollutant degradation with good stability and recoverability.
to yield •Oj . At the same time, the holes also move in the opposite direction from the VB top of Ag3PO4 to that of AgBr. The separated h+ then mainly participate in the degradation of MO by direct oxidation, which would be together with •O2 . However, a small number of h+ can still react with water to produce • OH radicals to degrade MO.
4. Conclusions
In summary, we reported an investigation on the preparation and photocatalytic activity of a novel magnetically recoverable AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 hybrid. Because of the magnetism of Fe3O4 and the matching band between AgBr and Ag3PO4, the as-synthesized AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 nanopar-ticles exhibited efficient photocatalytic activity, good stability, and recyclability toward decomposition of MO under visible light irradiation. In addition, the quenching effects of different scavengers proved that reactive h+ and ^O2 played the major role for the MO degradation. We expected that this kind of magnetically separable AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composite would provide new insight for the design and fabrication of high performance photocatalysts toward environmental protection.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
3.4. Involved Active Species in the Photocatalysis. In order to investigate the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4, it is necessary to verify the active species involved in the photocatalysis. Generally, photoin-duced active species including h+, •OH radicals, and ^O2 are expected to be involved in the photocatalytic process. Herein, i-PrOH was added to the reaction system as an •OH scavenger, EDTA-Na2 was introduced as a scavenger of h+, andBQwasadoptedtoquench ^O2 [28].
Figure 7 shows that, in the presence of EDTA, the photodegradation of MO was drastically inhibited with the degradation efficiency less than 5%. However, the employment of i-PrOH in the same photocatalytic system made a minor change caused in the photocatalytic degradation of MO. Furthermore, when the ^O2 radical scavenger (BQ) was introduced, an evident decreasing photocatalytic activity of the AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composite was observed. These results indicate that active species h+ and ^O2 contribute most to the photocatalytic system, and the presence of ^OH radicals is considered to be of less importance to the reaction. Thus, we can anticipate the possible mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of MO by AgBr@Ag3PO4/Fe3O4 composites. Under visible light irradiation, Ag3PO4 and AgBr can be simultaneously excited to form electron-hole (h+) pairs. As is known, AgBr and Ag3PO4 have matching band potentials; the photoinduced electrons can transfer from the CB bottom of AgBr to that of Ag3PO4, further migrate to Fe3O4 particles, and react with the adsorbed oxygen molecule
Acknowledgment
The authors genuinely appreciate the financial support of
this work from Major Science and Technology Projects
Focus on Social Development Projects of Zhejiang Province
(2010C03003 and 2012C03004-1).
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