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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 (2014) 2155 - 2163
5th World Conference on Educational Sciences - WCES 2013
The Moral-religious Education - A Support of Self-conscience
Training
Ion Croitorua *, Heliana Munteanub,
aFaculty of Orthodox Theology and Science Education, Valahia University Targoviste, 35 Lt. Stancu Ion Str., Targoviste 130105, Romania bFaculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University Targoviste, 18-24 Unirii Blvd., Targoviste 130082, Romania
Abstract
The human faith of each man, related to the complex of individual tendencies and aspirations, generated by the intimacy with God's word, and social, cultural and political realities, can define the entirety of the condition of the human being. The polyvalent patrimony of the psychological structure through interaction with external factors, but not outside a Supreme paradigm, determines the human being's condition in terms of personal development and positive dialogue with The Supreme Being, with the others and with the environment. In the curricular area Man and society, religion classifies and structures the educational contents in terms of value and morality, which are Christian for the Romanian. The moral-religious education has profound educational connotations, because knowing your own values represents a kind of cultural guarantee, a sign of civism and culturality. Therefore, the reconsideration of the goals of moral-religious education finalities reflects the educational ideal in relation to the area of its real possibilities of substantiation, meaning the transition from a narrow and subjective vision to a wide one, with an extensive opening, and objective. This type of education determines the conviction that the spiritual world, as a whole, is a reality above the common perception by the senses, and provides the resources needed to rise over one's immediate fact filled with non-value (through the capacity to vibrate at supra-sensual). The levels of existence revealed by moral-religious education lead, through successive semantic restorations, to a lucid exploration or to the transformation of the real world, so that the moral-religious education is conceived as a process meant to develop the pupils' native capabilities and to help them acquire a set of authentic values.
© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Education and Research Center.
Keywords: God, man, person, education, moral values, religious values, Orthodoxy, Church, sacred, lay, secularization, laicity, religious fact, civilization, youth;
1. Definition of topic
Man is a religious being (homo religiosus), a fact proven and demonstrated throughout time, since the Antiquity to this day (Cicero, Linnaeus, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Max Scheler, Rudolf Otto, Gustav Mensching, Mircea Eliade etc.). This is why, the religious topic represents one of the fundamental problems of the human society, as man is active as well through what we call personal faith, which refers to the complex of man's personal tendencies
* Corresponding Author: Ion Croitoru. Tel.: +40-743-213014 E-mail address: ioncroitoru@yahoo.fr
1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Education and Research Center. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.536
and aspirations, generated by the will of getting to live the relationship with God on a personal level; the light of this relationship influences as well the social, cultural and political realities around man.
According to the Christian teaching, man has, imprinted in him, as an ontological gift, the image of God, so that the training of good habits and the exercise of morality cannot become authentic without the occurrence of the spiritual disposition favorable to an irreproachable human conduct, and this disposition is acquired through moral-religious education. Educating a man and training him for a certain way of living, with convictions in relation to the religious fact, to the relationships with his fellows and to the links with the environment is not directing him simply towards an informational system based on assimilation; on the contrary, it means guiding him towards one that teaches him to understand and assimilate the true moral and religious values, in relation to the three elements mentioned above (religious fact, fellows and environment). This is why, great Christian pedagogues, such as Saint Gregory the Theologian, state that the art of all arts is to give a proper education to man, the most special and complex being of all (Bulacu, 2009, p. 12). From the perspective of this truth, Religion and Pedagogy represent two notions that are not mutually exclusive but live together in perfect harmony. Pedagogy as a science cannot leave aside the moral-religious side of education, as education would lack precisely the force that vitalizes the children's progress towards virtue (Fantana, 2011, p. 411).
The reintroduction of moral-religious education in Romania, after the December 1989 Revolution, constituted a challenge for the Romanian society and also the return to a multi-secular tradition according to which moral-religious education was part of the curricula of all the schools, of all levels.
2. Moral-religious education in the Romanian society
The process of moral-religious education has to do with the teaching of a certain set of knowledge in relation to a religious fact, having major consequences for a nation. For the Romanian area, this religious fact is defined by the Christian Orthodox faith, which has acted as a factor that has contributed to the crystallization and perpetuation of [the Romanian] nation (Timi§, 2011, p. 16). To be educated also means for everyone to be initiated in the spiritual treasure of his own nation, and to grow and to continue one's education is to appreciate and to live, in the case of the Romanians, the values of the Christian way of living, values inherited from the historical treasure of their nation, and, moreover, to be open to the moral-religious values of their compatriots who have other religious beliefs.
Knowing one's own religious values represents a kind of cultural assurance, a sign of civism and culturality (Timi§, 2011, p. 16). Moral-religious education must not be seen only as a missionary-sacramental act on behalf of the Church or of a certain particular cult, as it also has deep educational connotations. It has been noticed that this education invites to reflection, self-conscience, direct acquisition of the moral values, its first effect being to create solidarity among a community's members and to delineate an authentic conscience. For the Romanian society as a whole, moral-religious education assures the access to its own spirituality and represents an essential instrument in the process of education of the young generation. The existence of moral-religious education in the curricular area represents an act of justice after the fall of the communist regime, which has proved that there can be no authentic conscience in the absence of the religious support (Timi§, 2011, pp. 16-17).
The accumulation of the moral-religious values is the foundation of self-conscience training, by means of which man can take certain social and moral phenomena under his control (for instance, he can take responsibility of selfishness, indifference, corruption etc.). It has been recognized and stated that corruption acts, for instance, have negative consequences not just for the economy, but also for the communion between people. Concerning these consequences, the great scholar Bartolomeu Anania, hierarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church, has highlighted that before being a vice, corruption is a mentality. And a mentality can be changed neither by justice, nor by administration, but by a long-term educational system, which cannot be realized without making use of religion and culture (Bartolomeu, 2011, p. 314).
It has been notice that the young create - in the context of their social insertion - a continual renewal of mentalities (Cuco§, 1996, p. 136) and ask themselves questions about God's existence, about immortality, about the sense of life, about what they are meant for, in order to make essential decisions for life (Calugar, 1976, p. 95).
3. Adolescence crises
Adolescence represents a delicate - if not even a difficult - period as far as moral-religious education is concerned, as this education invites the young, among other things, to train themselves in the sense of assuming a social responsibility. Yet, unfortunately, the echo of this responsibility is not always reflected by the society in which the young people live, which can lead to disappointments, apathy, anguish, psychological discomfort etc. To these, one can add the economic and political uncertainties, the lack of ethical landmarks, and the questions about the future, in a context in which the modern and post-modern culture has moved the sphere of today's youngsters' interests from God and faith to the autonomous reason and to science (Timi§, 2011, p. 29). Young people are flooded by agnostic, psychoanalytic and materialist theories even in the educational system they go through. This is why some leave their classes with the conviction that truth is relative, and virtues are impossible or useless. All these things influence them in proclaiming that values are relative (Emilianos, 2001, p. 99). In this way, the education for value turns into an education for libertinism, which triggers non-conformism and the desire for independence (Timi§, 2011, p. 29).
Among adolescents, one can notice a true conflict with authority, especially when this authority is imposed in an indelicate and uncontrolled way. This is why authority should be imposed as a kind of protection and not as a kind of imposition, because the young are not against the authority of value or the authority of an institution, but against the imposition of authority in an excessive manner (Timi§, 2011, p. 29). The role of moral-religious education is overwhelming during this stage of man's life, as the period of adolescence is the moment when man defines or rearticulates his moral-religious beliefs. Religion or the religious fact becomes a kind of life, whose most elaborate expression is one's vocation. Ceasing to be a reflection of the parental image, God becomes the symbol of the supreme value in which all the other values come together (Debesse, 1981, p. 107).
The contemporary society, faced with the economic crisis (poverty, unemployment, uncertainty etc.), with the moral crisis (laxness, libertinage, pornographic sensuality, erotic disorders made to appear as normal behaviors, prostitution for commercial reasons, child and young people trafficking, divorce, drogues etc.) and the spiritual-religious crisis (fanatic sectarianism, aggressive proselytism, confused syncretism, doctrinal relativism, nihilist indifferentism etc.), does not have enough role models. Some young people no longer look for role models, other look for them in areas in which notoriety tends to take the place of the role model, namely among music stars, massmedia celebrities, magnates or sportsmen (Timi§, 2011, p. 30). In this context, moral-religious education brings in front of the young role models with a high moral profile and abnegation for the community. For instance, the young are given the example of the saints, since they represent the guarantee of the spiritual health and serenity of Europe (Bizau, 2002, p. 283), and especially the example of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, born a man when the fullness of time had come (Galatians 4: 4), the One who marked the history of mankind, dividing it into two epochs: the one before Christ (B.C.) and the other one after Christ (anno Domini - A.D.). Jesus Christ is the Teacher par excellence in the Christian world. His teaching focuses on the call of man to perfection: You therefore must be perfect as your heavenly Father is (Matthew 5: 48). This is why, the presence and the role of Jesus Christ, the Redeemer of the world, does not apply only to the spiritual identity of a people or of a certain geographic area; His word has an absolute, universal value, being transmitted to the people within a pedagogy of perfection, of invitation to action, of inner freedom, equality and fraternal love. We should keep in mind the fact that Christ has repeatedly portrayed children as the role model and image of perfection (Panaite, 2011, p. 224), and that the Holy Scripture, which speaks about Him, and by means of which He addresses the people of all ages and from everywhere, is considered a true ABC for the young (Comenius, 1970, p. 116).
4. Legislative framework for moral-religious education in Europe
The Convention on the Rights of the Child does not define a particular age beginning with which the parents' rights concerning the moral-religious education of their own children ought to be limited. In different European countries, the children's possibility to take part or not to moral-religious education in schools was set at different
ages: 14, in Austria, Germany (without Bavaria), Italy, Spain, Holland; 16, in Norway, Portugal, Switzerland; 18, in Luxemburg, Bavaria etc. (Kodelja, & Bassler, 2004, p. 14; Dogaru, 2011, pp. 155, 158).
We need to mention that in most European countries, moral-religious education is regulated by means of normative acts. They highlight the State's obligations concerning moral-religious education, and also the rights of different cults in this domain. At the same time, these acts reflect the juridical relation of these States with the religious life, or, in other words, the relation between the State and the Church, which determines the expression of this life. Considering the State-Church relationship, one can notice the following classification of the religious life on a national level, with direct influences on the moral life and the formation of self-conscience: a) jurisdictionalism, promoting the conception that the State needs to intervene in religious matters, in the organization and control of the cults; b) ultraliberalism, namely the situation in which the State gives up on any right of regulation in the domain of religious life; c) confessionalism, a concept invoking the State's civil competence as far as religious life is concerned; a public status or certain privileges are given to certain cults or religions, declared either as official, or as belonging to the State or to the national Church; d) secularism, which includes atheism (the State is hostile to any form of religious manifestation) and laicism (the State declares itself neuter to different religious cults and manifestations) (Poulat, 1988, pp. 151-152).
Without going into details, we shall mention that the types of regulations on a State level, concerning religious life and moral-religious education, cover a large area of options, from specifications in the general legislation of a country to specially elaborated legislative stipulations, which refer to the organization of the religious life, and to the curricular area of moral-religious education (Fonta, 1994, pp. 254-255). Whether the moral-religious education is realized mainly mono-confessionally or whether the public schools focus on the study of religions from a non-confessional perspective and the educational system defines itself as lay, nevertheless, in most European countries it is mentioned that State education is neutral from a religious perspective, and proselytism for a certain religious cult or manifestation is forbidden. Yet, this neutrality and objectivity are questionable, and some even speak of an illusion of neutrality, since a true education cannot be neutral. The contemporary school aims to involve and develop the pupils' critical spirit, so that the neutrality of education is not a remedy for indoctrination, but a resignation in front of all the forms of indoctrination (Horga, 2011, p. 42). In fact, this neutrality is relative [even in France, which is considered to be a lay country par excellence, the relativity of State neutrality is observed by the particular status acknowledged for four cults/religions (the Roman-Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, the Reformed Church and the Judaic cult) in three departments (of Bas-Rhin, of Haut-Rhin and of Moselle from the region of Lorraine), and also by the pupils' freedom to participate on Wednesday, when they have no classes, to the religion education or moral education programs organized outside school (see Cre^u, 2011, pp. 125-150; Debray, 2002; Carp, 2009)], and naturally conditioned by the confessional majority of a country, promoting both the spirit of tolerance and the prohibition of discrimination, and the guarantee of religious freedom. This is why the State acknowledges the cults' right to realize moral-religious education programs for children and for the young, which involves: determining the responsibilities of the respective cults, through regulations on a national level, concerning the organization of the moral-religious education in public schools; providing conditions for the Religion or Moral-religious education class to take place; offering clarifications concerning the name of the discipline and stipulating the way in which it should be approached (mono-confessionally, non-confessionally, pluri-confessionally); specifying the status of this subject in the curricula; establishing the training of the personnel needed in order to teach the respective discipline; participating to the development of the moral-religious education curriculum (Horga, 2011, p. 42).
5. Legislative framework for moral-religious education in Romania
Religious education, with its moral component, is regulated in Romania by means of general laws [the Romanian Constitution of 1991, with modifications made in the year 2003 (art. 29. 1, 2, 6; art. 32, 7); the Law no. 489/2006 on religious freedom and the general regime of the cults, adopted in 2006)] and school-related laws (The Law of national education no. 84/1995 and no. 1/2011, the Law concerning the status of the teaching staff), and also by means of different protocols, orders and notes of the Minister of Education (Horga, 2011, pp. 43, 46).
We need to mention that the issue of the conceptual definition of religious education and moral education, or in other words, the issue whether they represent two different educational and curricular areas, was discussed. The following conclusions were reached: these two types of education can be regarded as a whole, since the moral dimension is very present in the content of religious education, although religious education is not limited to it and does not substitute it; religious education does not represent only a support for spiritual development but also for moral-civic progress, as well; moral education can find no better grounding than in the "metaphysical and religious vision that man lives" (Mircea, 2011, p. 70).
According to these observations and to the above-mentioned legislation, religious education, under the form of moral-religious education, is organized and guaranteed by the law in the state-run schools of Romania; the State guarantees the freedom of thought and of opinion, the freedom of the religious faiths, the freedom of conscience, in a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect; a series of provisions are made on religious education, curriculum elaboration, religion teachers' training and promotion; the religion of a child over 14 cannot be changed without his consent, and beginning with the age of 16, a child has the right to choose his religion or moral-religious education by himself (Law no. 489/2006, art. 3. 2); this age was later on moved forwards to 18 (the Law of education no. 1/2011); beginning with the year 1993, moral-religious education is called Religion (Order of the Minister of Education no. 10306/1993); the school discipline Religion was included beginning with the year 1999 in the common educational core as part of the curricular area Man and society, with one hour/week for the whole pre-university education; mentions were made concerning the possibility for pupils who do not wish to study the discipline Religion to be allowed not to study it and instead to choose an optional discipline (Order of the Minister of Education and Research no. 3670/2001).
Thus, organized in a variety of forms on the level of different educational systems, moral-religious education is realized in the state-run schools of Romania under the name of Religion and through the involvement of several actors: pupils, parents, teaching staff, authorities in the domain of educational policies, Churches and religious communities (Horga, 2007).
6. Methods, models, applications and research in the domain of moral-religious education
Reconsidering the importance of moral-religious education as a discipline in the educational context of Romania after December 1989 has led to the outlining of the general organization of this education, three directions being considered: 1) methods and models, 2) applications and 3) research in the domain of the respective education. These three directions aim at attaining three targets of the moral-religious education: informative, formative and educative (Opri§, 2010, pp. 125-133).
A new concern in the area of this education is, for instance, in countries such as Italy, Belgium, Romania etc., that the respective education, which bears the imprint of the Christian teaching, may pass from a focus on teaching to a focus on learning and to the realization of meta-cognition (Glava, 2009), and that the discipline Religion may be among the subjects for which the new educational technologies and methods are used, such as the interactive board. The use of the interactive board involves different cognitive styles, with the aim of improving and consolidating the different types of intelligence (Gardner, 2007), and of taking advantage of the pupils' interest in using the new technologies (Tia, 2011, pp. 122-123). The presence of the interactive board can animate the atmosphere during teaching, regardless of the pupils' age, especially if different tasks are presented accompanied by music. The younger children can be attracted by the presentation area in a continual movement, while the older pupils can benefit from different didactic projects containing practical demonstrations (even biblical characters can be introduced to children). Thus, interactive learning and group research, vocal or instrumental singing, dialectic conversation and collaboration allow the pupils to participate and to get involved in the teaching-learning process due to intuitive means (objects and images), figurative representations (sacred art, religious symbols associated to several cultures and artistic forms/styles) and visual and listening materials. Pupils can learn using different methods: the tactile-kinesthetic way, benefiting from touching the board and writing with their finger on it; the visual way, benefiting in this way of a larger area for presentation; and via listening, participating to vivid debates concerning the information presented to them. Very challenging for children are the means of practicing and training
musical habits during Religion classes, associated to the use of musical instruments or to the presence of sound-producing objects (wood of different essences, which can remind of the semantron / xylon used in the Orthodox cult to summon monks to prayer or at the start of a church service, sound-producing toys and pseudo-instruments). All these represent just as many natural means that can be integrated in the musical activities associated to the moral-religious and aesthetic education classes, keeping as well a markedly vocal character, as songs represent one of the most important and efficient means of education. The song facilitates the absorption of certain pieces of knowledge, shapes habits and attitudes, realizing the goals of the moral-religious and aesthetic education. These considerations are possible when a few selection criteria are respected concerning the song repertoire: educative value (the songs need to highlight situations that can develop important skills and attitudes for the child's becoming), aesthetic value (the songs need to be exemplary artistic achievements), accessibility (they need to correspond to the real technical and interpretative possibilities of the children), didactic value (the song must facilitate the demonstration and the practical rendering of the elements contained by the learning task). We will underline as an important fact that the choice of the religious repertoire reflects the culture and the aesthetic taste of the teacher or of the initiator of the respective activities.
Beside the activities suggested by the methods applied during the moral-religious education classes, other extracurricular activities could be added [visiting museums (the ethnographic ones can provide information on folk traditions that take place along with the great religious celebrations) or a church; taking part in religious services and receiving the Holy Sacraments; learning religious songs or other songs derived from religion with an obvious moral outlook for school festivals; organizing a religious and general-culture contest-show; elaborating essays, poems], which represent an important domain of this education (§tefanu^, 2011, p. 375; Kogoulis, 2012; MnaXxaxZ^, 2010).
All these didactic strategies highlight features of human thinking, leading the pupil from intuitive perception to abstract thinking, from the analysis of the concrete facts to generalizing and elaborating notions. The deductive strategies, in which the road is taken the other way round, from abstract to concrete, or from general to particular, highlight the decisive role of the moral-religious education in the shaping of the young person's personality. The knowledge of the educational concepts, phenomena and processes based on modeling call for this type of education as educational discipline under the name of Religion, as part of the common educational core, at all school levels and in all types of schools. This has led to the creation of special departments as part of the Faculties of Theology, whose role is to train Religion teachers meant to get involved in the didactic activity (becoming a psychosocial element with a significant training role); these teachers assure the success of their teaching activity through the use of creative styles, based on flexibility and inventiveness. From this perspective, the pupils' artistic and musical involvement will contribute to the beneficial use of the educative elements of the educational content and will become a means for cultivating their affective sensitivity. The emotional vibration produced by music brings a note of joy to the didactic style. Being an extraordinary trigger of a plentiful manifestation of our feelings and reason, joy becomes a virtue derived from an inner, dynamic principle, able to have a direct beneficial effect on the results of our learning and assimilation. In this way, pupils discover the riches of the moral-religious and aesthetic education, they are no longer simple receivers of data and the aim of an activized learning methodology and of a summative and formative evaluation is attained (Olo^utean, 2011, p. 217).
The research in the moral-religious education domain is submitted to the laws and methodology of pedagogical research, and also of theological research (Opri§ et al., 2004; Boco§ et al., 2006). According to these research works, one can notice a positive attitude towards the discipline of Religion among most pupils and parents and also among the civil society (Opri§, & Opri§, 2011, p. 51; Mircea, 2011, pp. 69-88).
The dynamic character of the educational strategies therefore allows the application of certain educative methods in relation to the principle of the stage-based development, through the identification of the features situated at the border between the things that similar-age individuals have in common or are remarkable for. The model proposed is defined by the evolution of their self-conscience and by the determiners of their personal ideal trajectory, grafted on the outline of their personality. Therefore, we need to emphasize the significant role of the moral-religious and aesthetic education in the realization of the young's cognitive-emotional development, as this education provides instruments that allow the restructuring of the human personality.
7. Findings and Results
Moral-religious education has deep educational connotations. This is why the analysis of the moral-religious education goals highlights the educative ideal in relation to its real possibilities of substantiation, namely the passage from a narrow and subjective vision to a large one, with an ample and objective outlook. This type of education determines the conviction that the spiritual world, as a whole, is a reality above the common perception by the senses, and provides the resources needed to rise over one's immediate fact filled with non-value (through the capacity to vibrate to the supra-sensual). The levels of existence highlighted by the moral-religious education lead, through successive semantic restorations, to a lucid exploration or to the transformation of the real world; moral-religious education is conceived as a process meant to develop the pupils' native capabilities and to help them acquire a set of authentic values.
The need for moral-religious education comes from the awareness that no scientific knowledge and no culture is either self-sufficient or capable of answering the great questions of the contemporary man; they are also unable to defeat evil and to give man an ample respiration, and to give his life a note full of humanism - not a selfish humanism but one in connection to serving our fellows (Tia, 2003, p. 260). In this way, moral-religious education increases the awareness concerning many aspects of the contemporary society, such as: recognizing, respecting and appreciating moral and religious values in people's lives and in the history of mankind; educating respect towards our neighbors and towards nature; describing man's religious and moral dimension; interreligious tolerance and dialogue; becoming aware of the content of faith and solving the dilemmas believing without belonging (Davie, 1994) and belonging without believing (Hervieu-Leger, 1999); exposing and understanding the exculturation phenomenon, by means of which the Europeans seem ready to sacrifice their religious memory: the Christian civilization (Hervieu-Leger, 2003); becoming aware of the Religion class not just as a discipline understood as a mission of a confession or a cult, but first of all as a cultural factor since the religious manifestation represents a total social fact, involving the social, juridical, economic, aesthetic and morphological factors of the society [Cre^u, 2011, pp. 140-141; Borne, & Willaime (dir.), 2007]; perceiving and understanding today's world in relation to the sacred [Gestin, & Monseiller (dir.), 2003]; understanding the way of living of the Orthodox Christian faith, the transmission and the universality of the Christian message, in respect of the different religious, philosophical and moral manifestations, through the invitation to a constructive and objective reflection; being able to realize analyses and comparisons concerning the people and role models who influenced the young people's lives or who should be better considered; understanding the need for the young to delimit themselves from the false models present in the society; harmonizing the relationships in the family and becoming aware of the responsibility in front of the perspective of creating one's own family etc.
Thus, the importance of moral-religious education for the young consists in the fact that it sets ethic goals (discovering others and respecting them, elaborating a spirit of tolerance and cooperation, respecting nature and the creation, learning the basic demands of a responsible living in the society, learning to evaluate one's actions in the light of the message of the Christian teaching, having a lifestyle which takes into account the moral and spiritual values etc.), cultural objectives (discovering the cultural and historical data of the Christian civilization, knowing and appreciating the major values of certain thinking trends and of the different cultures that the pupils are faced with etc.) and spiritual aims (the need for the sacred, the need to know the spiritual dimension of the human life etc.). To conclude, moral-religious education represents a support for man's natural thirst for finding himself and occupies a central area in the curriculum as far as its training potential is concerned; it can have a major contribution in shaping the pupils' developing personality, in agreement to the eternal, God-inspired values that are actually at the basis of the modern and post-modern education, and also of the European civilization.
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